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Higher dose corticosteroids in hospitalised COVID-19 patients requiring ventilatory support (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Horby, Peter W; Emberson, Jonathan R; Thwaites, Louise; Campbell, Mark; Peto, Leon; Pessoa-Amorim, Guilherme; Staplin, Natalie; Hamers, Raph L; Amuasi, John; Nel, Jeremy; Kestelyn, Evelyne; Thanh Phong, Nguyen; Shrestha, Anil; Nasronudin, Nasronudin; Sarkar, Rahuldeb; Ngoc Thach, Pham; Paudel, Damodar; Sumardi, Uun; Stewart, Richard; Nelwan, Erni; Rawal, Manisha; Kenneth Baillie, J; Buch, Maya H; Faust, Saul N; Jaki, Thomas; Jeffery, Katie; Juszczak, Edmund; Knight, Marian; Shen Lim, Wei; Mafham, Marion; Montgomery, Alan; Mumford, Andrew; Rowan, Kathryn; Basnyat, Buddha; Haynes, Richard; Landray, Martin J

Higher dose corticosteroids in hospitalised COVID-19 patients requiring ventilatory support (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial Thumbnail


Authors

Peter W Horby

Jonathan R Emberson

Louise Thwaites

Mark Campbell

Leon Peto

Guilherme Pessoa-Amorim

Natalie Staplin

Raph L Hamers

John Amuasi

Jeremy Nel

Evelyne Kestelyn

Nguyen Thanh Phong

Anil Shrestha

Nasronudin Nasronudin

Rahuldeb Sarkar

Pham Ngoc Thach

Damodar Paudel

Uun Sumardi

Richard Stewart

Erni Nelwan

Manisha Rawal

J Kenneth Baillie

Maya H Buch

Saul N Faust

Thomas Jaki

Katie Jeffery

Marian Knight

Wei Shen Lim

Marion Mafham

Andrew Mumford

Kathryn Rowan

Buddha Basnyat

Richard Haynes

Martin J Landray



Abstract

Background
Low dose corticosteroids (e.g., 6 mg dexamethasone) have been shown to reduce mortality for hypoxic COVID-19 patients. We have previously reported that higher dose corticosteroids cause harm in patients with clinical hypoxia but not receiving ventilatory support (the combination of non-invasive mechanical ventilation, including high-flow nasal oxygen, continuous positive airway pressure and bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation or extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation), but the balance of efficacy and safety in patients receiving ventilatory support is uncertain.

Methods
This randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]) assessed multiple possible treatments in patients hospitalised for COVID-19. Eligible and consenting adult patients receiving ventilatory support were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual care with higher dose corticosteroids (dexamethasone 20 mg once daily for 5 days followed by 10 mg once daily for 5 days or until discharge if sooner) or usual standard of care alone (which includes dexamethasone 6 mg once daily for 10 days or until discharge if sooner). The primary outcome was 28-day mortality; secondary outcomes were duration of hospitalisation and (among participants not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline) the composite of invasive mechanical ventilation or death. Recruitment closed on 31 March 2024 when funding for the trial ended. The RECOVERY trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) and clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04381936).

Findings
Between 25 May 2021 and 9 January 2024, 477 COVID-19 patients receiving ventilatory support were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus higher dose corticosteroids vs. usual care alone (of whom 99% received corticosteroids during the follow-up period). Of those randomised, 221 (46%) were in Asia, 245 (51%) in the UK and 11 (2%) in Africa. 143 (30%) had diabetes mellitus. Overall, 86 (35%) of 246 patients allocated to higher dose corticosteroids vs. 86 (37%) of 231 patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (rate ratio [RR] 0.87; 95% CI 0.64–1.18; p = 0.37). There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days (128 [52%] in the higher dose corticosteroids group vs. 120 [52%] in the usual care group; RR 1.04, 0.81–1.33]; p = 0.78). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, there was no clear reduction in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilation or death (76 [37%] of 206 vs. 93 [45%] of 205; RR 0.79 [95% CI 0.63–1.00]; p = 0.05).

Interpretation
In patients hospitalised for COVID-19 receiving ventilatory support, we found no evidence that higher dose corticosteroids reduced the risk of death compared to usual care, which included low dose corticosteroids.

Citation

Horby, P. W., Emberson, J. R., Thwaites, L., Campbell, M., Peto, L., Pessoa-Amorim, G., Staplin, N., Hamers, R. L., Amuasi, J., Nel, J., Kestelyn, E., Thanh Phong, N., Shrestha, A., Nasronudin, N., Sarkar, R., Ngoc Thach, P., Paudel, D., Sumardi, U., Stewart, R., Nelwan, E., …Landray, M. J. (2025). Higher dose corticosteroids in hospitalised COVID-19 patients requiring ventilatory support (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. eClinicalMedicine, 81, Article 103080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103080

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date Jan 13, 2025
Online Publication Date Feb 12, 2025
Publication Date Mar 1, 2025
Deposit Date Feb 14, 2025
Publicly Available Date Feb 14, 2025
Journal eClinical Medicine
Electronic ISSN 2589-5370
Publisher Elsevier
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 81
Article Number 103080
DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103080
Keywords COVID-19, Corticosteroid, Dexamethasone, Mortality, Clinical trial
Public URL https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/45313638
Publisher URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589537025000124#ack0010

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Higher dose corticosteroids in hospitalised COVID-19 patients requiring ventilatory support (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial (694 Kb)
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Publisher Licence URL
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Copyright Statement
Copyright Crown Copyright ©2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).





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