Antenatal pelvic floor muscle exercise intervention led by midwives in England to reduce postnatal urinary incontinence: APPEAL feasibility and pilot randomised controlled cluster trial

MacArthur, Christine; Bick, Debra; Salmon, Victoria; Jones, Ellie; Hay-Smith, Jean; Bishop, Jonathan; Gkini, Eleni; Hemming, Karla; Webb, Sara; Pearson, Mark; Coleman, Tim; Terry, Rohini; Edwards, Elizabeth; Frawley, Helena; Oborn, Eivor; Dean, Sarah

Abstract

Objectives To assess the feasibility of an intervention of midwifery support for antenatal pelvic floor muscle exercises (PFME) to prevent postnatal urinary incontinence (UI). Design Feasibility and pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. Clusters were community midwifery teams. Setting Community maternity antenatal care. Participants One hundred seventy-five women; 186 midwives. Intervention Midwifery training and resources for midwives and women to support antenatal PFME. Control clusters continued standard care. Outcomes Women reporting: that their midwife explained how to do PFME, PFME adherence and postpartum UI. Midwives reporting: pre-post-training PFME confidence, intervention acceptability. Fidelity of training delivery and implementation. Results Ninety-five midwives in intervention clusters; 91 midwives in control clusters. Of 998 women sent questionnaires, 175 responded: 15.8% in intervention, 16.4% in control clusters. Women's characteristics in both trial arms were similar and characteristics of respondents and non-respondents were similar. Sixty-five percent (95% CI 56.9% to 72.4%) of women in intervention clusters reported their midwife explained how to do PFME vs 38% (95% CI 24.6% to 51.2%) in control clusters. Fifty percent (95% CI 24.1% to 77.1%) of women in intervention clusters vs 38% (95% CI 12.4% to 67.1%) in control clusters reported doing enough PFME to potentially prevent UI. Fourty-four percent (95% CI 32.0% to 56.1%) of women in intervention clusters reported UI vs 54% (95% CI 42.2% to 65.8%) in control clusters. Intervention training was delivered with fidelity and received positively. Midwives reported improvements in PFME confidence/knowledge (median increase of at least 1 point on a 0-4 scale for each of eight questions). Midwives (26%) most frequently reported insufficient time as an implementation barrier. Conclusions This pilot trial produced consistent new findings that training and resourcing midwives to teach and support pregnant women to undertake PFME is acceptable and feasible for women and midwives. It increased the number of women who are informed about PFME, with potential to improve PFME adherence and reduce postpartum UI. Recent changes to the National Health Service perinatal pelvic healthcare means a full trial is not possible.

Citation

MacArthur, C., Bick, D., Salmon, V., Jones, E., Hay-Smith, J., Bishop, J., Gkini, E., Hemming, K., Webb, S., Pearson, M., Coleman, T., Terry, R., Edwards, E., Frawley, H., Oborn, E., & Dean, S. (2025). Antenatal pelvic floor muscle exercise intervention led by midwives in England to reduce postnatal urinary incontinence: APPEAL feasibility and pilot randomised controlled cluster trial. BMJ Open, 15(1), Article e091248. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-091248

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Nov 28, 2024
• Online Publication Date: Jan 20, 2025
• Publication Date: Jan 20, 2025
• Deposit Date: Dec 2, 2024
• Publicly Available Date: Dec 2, 2024
• Journal: BMJ Open
• Electronic ISSN: 2044-6055
• Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 15
• Issue: 1
• Article Number: e091248
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-091248
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/42791527
• Publisher URL: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/1/e091248