Assessment of ethnic inequalities in diagnostic coding of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH): A cross-sectional database study in Lambeth, South London

Molokhia, Mariam; Wierzbicki, Anthony; Williams, Helen; Kirubakaran, Arushan; Devani, Rohan; Durbaba, Stevo; Ayis, Salma; Qureshi, Nadeem

Abstract

Background and aims: Differences in the perceived prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) by ethnicity are unclear. In this study, we aimed to assess the prevalence, determinants and management of diagnostically-coded FH in an ethnically diverse population in South London. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of 40 practices in 332,357 adult patients in Lambeth was undertaken. Factors affecting a (clinically coded) diagnosis of FH were investigated by multi-level logistic regression adjusted for socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, co-morbidities, and medications. Results: The age-adjusted FH % prevalence rate (OR, 95%CI) ranged from 0.10 to 1.11, 0.00–1.31. Lower rates of FH coding were associated with age (0.96, 0.96–0.97) and male gender (0.75, 0.65–0.87), p < 0.001. Compared to a White British reference group, a higher likelihood of coded FH was noted in Other Asians (1.33, 1.01–1.76), p = 0.05, with lower rates in Black Africans (0.50, 0.37–0.68), p < 0.001, Indians (0.55, 0.34–0.89) p = 0.02, and in Black Caribbeans (0.60, 0.44–0.81), p = 0.001. The overall prevalence using Simon Broome criteria was 0.1%; we were unable to provide ethnic specific estimates due to low numbers. Lower likelihoods of FH coding (OR, 95%CI) were seen in non-native English speakers (0.66, 0.53–0.81), most deprived income quintile (0.68, 0.52–0.88), smokers (0.68,0.55–0.85), hypertension (0.62, 0.52–0.74), chronic kidney disease (0.64, 0.41–0.99), obesity (0.80, 0.67–0.95), diabetes (0.31, 0.25–0.39) and CVD (0.47, 0.36–0.63). 20% of FH coded patients were not prescribed lipid-lowering medications, p < 0.001. Conclusions: Inequalities in diagnostic coding of FH patients exist. Lower likelihoods of diagnosed FH were seen in Black African, Black Caribbean and Indian ethnic groups, in contrast to higher diagnoses in White and Other Asian ethnic groups. Hypercholesterolaemia requiring statin therapy was associated with FH diagnosis, however, the presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors lowered the diagnosis rate for FH.

Citation

Molokhia, M., Wierzbicki, A., Williams, H., Kirubakaran, A., Devani, R., Durbaba, S., Ayis, S., & Qureshi, N. (2023). Assessment of ethnic inequalities in diagnostic coding of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH): A cross-sectional database study in Lambeth, South London. Atherosclerosis, 388, Article 117353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117353

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Oct 17, 2023
• Online Publication Date: Nov 27, 2023
• Publication Date: Nov 26, 2023
• Deposit Date: Nov 22, 2023
• Publicly Available Date: Nov 26, 2023
• Journal: Atherosclerosis
• Print ISSN: 0021-9150
• Electronic ISSN: 1879-1484
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 388
• Article Number: 117353
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117353
• Keywords: familial hypercholesterolaemia; Ethnicity; inequalities; coding
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/27592144
• Publisher URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021915023052747