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Understanding microwave induced sorting of porphyry copper ores (2015)
Journal Article
John, R., Batchelor, A., Ivanov, D., Udoudo, O., Jones, D., Dodds, C., & Kingman, S. (2015). Understanding microwave induced sorting of porphyry copper ores. Minerals Engineering, 84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2015.10.006

Global demand for minerals and metals is increasing. It has been established that the impact of mining and mineral processing operations must be reduced to sustainably meet the demands of a low grade future. Successful incorporation of ore sorting in... Read More about Understanding microwave induced sorting of porphyry copper ores.

Molecular differentiated initiator reactivity in the synthesis of poly(caprolactone)-based hydrophobic homopolymer and amphiphilic core corona star polymers (2015)
Journal Article
Deng, E., Nguyen, N. T., Hild, F., Hamilton, I. E., Dimitrakis, G., Kingman, S. W., …Irvine, D. J. (2015). Molecular differentiated initiator reactivity in the synthesis of poly(caprolactone)-based hydrophobic homopolymer and amphiphilic core corona star polymers. Molecules, 20(11), 20131-20145. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201119681

Macromolecules that possess three-dimensional, branched molecular structures are of great interest because they exhibit significantly differentiated application performance compared to conventional linear (straight chain) polymers. This paper reports... Read More about Molecular differentiated initiator reactivity in the synthesis of poly(caprolactone)-based hydrophobic homopolymer and amphiphilic core corona star polymers.

Deriving the ideal ore texture for microwave treatment of metalliferous ores (2015)
Journal Article
Batchelor, A., Jones, D., Plint, S., & Kingman, S. (2015). Deriving the ideal ore texture for microwave treatment of metalliferous ores. Minerals Engineering, 84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2015.10.007

High power density microwave treatments on metalliferous ores have historically been shown to reduce ore competency prior to beneficiation at economically feasible energy inputs. However, the relationship between mineralogical textural features and t... Read More about Deriving the ideal ore texture for microwave treatment of metalliferous ores.

Understanding the performance of a pilot vermiculite exfoliation system through process mineralogy (2015)
Journal Article
Udoudo, O., Folorunso, O., Dodds, C., Kingman, S., & Ure, A. (2015). Understanding the performance of a pilot vermiculite exfoliation system through process mineralogy. Minerals Engineering, 82, 84-91. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2015.03.023

This paper reports on the application of process mineralogy to understand the experimental performance of a microwave based system for the exfoliation of vermiculite type minerals. When montmorillonite type clay structures are exposed to high intensi... Read More about Understanding the performance of a pilot vermiculite exfoliation system through process mineralogy.

Screening of metal oxides for Hg0 capture (2015)
Journal Article
Zhao, H., Yang, G., Pang, C. H., Fan, H., Hall, P., Kingman, S., & Wu, T. (in press). Screening of metal oxides for Hg0 capture. Energy Procedia, 75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.202

Fossil fuel related industriesare the major anthropogenic sources of Hg0 emission. Due to awareness of the detrimental impact, there is an increasing interest in discovering potential materials for Hg0 removal. In this paper, the first-row transition... Read More about Screening of metal oxides for Hg0 capture.

Improving the design of industrial microwave processing systems through prediction of the dielectric properties of complex multi-layered materials (2015)
Journal Article
Katrib, J., Folorunso, O., Dodds, C., Dimitrakis, G., & Kingman, S. W. (2015). Improving the design of industrial microwave processing systems through prediction of the dielectric properties of complex multi-layered materials. Journal of Materials Science, 50(23), 7591-7599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9319-z

Rigorous design of industrial microwave processing systems requires in-depth knowledge of the dielectric properties of the materials to be processed. These values are not easy to measure, particularly when a material is multi-layered containing multi... Read More about Improving the design of industrial microwave processing systems through prediction of the dielectric properties of complex multi-layered materials.

Development and evaluation of a continuous microwave processing system for hydrocarbon removal from solids (2015)
Journal Article
Buttress, A., Binner, E., Yi, C., Palade, P., Robinson, J., & Kingman, S. (2016). Development and evaluation of a continuous microwave processing system for hydrocarbon removal from solids. Chemical Engineering Journal, 283, 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.07.030

A continuous conveyor-belt processing concept using microwave heating was developed and evaluated. Four hydrocarbon-contaminated soils were used as model feedstocks, and the degree of organic removal was assessed against the power and energy input t... Read More about Development and evaluation of a continuous microwave processing system for hydrocarbon removal from solids.

Investigation into the applicability of Bond Work Index (BWI) and Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) tests for several biomasses compared to Colombian La Loma coal (2015)
Journal Article
Williams, O., Eastwick, C., Kingman, S., Giddings, D., Lormor, S., & Lester, E. (2015). Investigation into the applicability of Bond Work Index (BWI) and Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) tests for several biomasses compared to Colombian La Loma coal. Fuel, 158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.027

With increasing quantities of biomass being combusted in coal fired power stations, there is an urgent need to be able to predict the grindability of biomass in existing coal mills, but currently no standard biomass grindability test exists. In this... Read More about Investigation into the applicability of Bond Work Index (BWI) and Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) tests for several biomasses compared to Colombian La Loma coal.

Understanding the scabbling of concrete using microwave energy (2015)
Journal Article
Buttress, A., Jones, D., Dodds, C., Dimitrakis, G., Dawson, A., & Kingman, S. (in press). Understanding the scabbling of concrete using microwave energy. Cement and Concrete Research, 75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.04.009

This paper reports on the use of microwave energy to scabble concrete. While the technique is not new, little information exists relating to the controllability of the process, the effect of different types of concrete and the performance and durabil... Read More about Understanding the scabbling of concrete using microwave energy.

Microvawe pyrolysis of biomass: control of process parameters for high pyrolysis oil yields and enhanced oil quality (2015)
Journal Article
Robinson, J., Dodds, C., Stavrinides, A., Kingman, S., Katrib, J., Wu, Z., …Overend, R. (2015). Microvawe pyrolysis of biomass: control of process parameters for high pyrolysis oil yields and enhanced oil quality. Energy and Fuels, 29(3), 1701-1709. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef502403x

The oil yield and quality of pyrolysis oil from microwave heating of biomass was established by studying the behaviour of Larch in microwave processing. This is the first study in biomass pyrolysis to use a microwave processing technique and methodol... Read More about Microvawe pyrolysis of biomass: control of process parameters for high pyrolysis oil yields and enhanced oil quality.

Microwave processing of cement and concrete materials - towards an industrial reality? (2015)
Journal Article
Buttress, A., Jones, D., & Kingman, S. (2015). Microwave processing of cement and concrete materials - towards an industrial reality?. Cement and Concrete Research, 68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.11.002

Each year a substantial body of literature is published on the use of microwaves to process cement and concrete materials. Yet to date, very few if any have lead the realisation of a commercial scale industrial system and is the context under which t... Read More about Microwave processing of cement and concrete materials - towards an industrial reality?.

Microwave processing of oil sands and contribution of clay minerals (2014)
Journal Article
Robinson, J. P., Binner, E., Saeid, A., Al-Harahsheh, M., & Kingman, S. (2014). Microwave processing of oil sands and contribution of clay minerals. Fuel, 135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.06.057

This study establishes the feasibility of microwave heating for extracting oil from Oil Sands in ex-situ processes. Previous studies in this area have shown some potential, but have not characterised the dielectric properties of the Oil Sands used, n... Read More about Microwave processing of oil sands and contribution of clay minerals.

Factors affecting the microwave coking of coals and the implications on microwave cavity design (2014)
Journal Article
Binner, E., Medeira-Munoyerro, M., Huddle, T., Kingman, S., Dodds, C., Dimitrakis, G., …Lester, E. (2014). Factors affecting the microwave coking of coals and the implications on microwave cavity design. Fuel Processing Technology, 125, 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.03.006

The work carried out in this paper assessed how processing conditions and feedstock affect the quality of the coke produced during microwave coke making. The aim was to gather information that would support the development of an optimised microwave c... Read More about Factors affecting the microwave coking of coals and the implications on microwave cavity design.

Enhanced ‘in situ’ catalysis via microwave selective heating: catalytic chain transfer polymerisation (2014)
Journal Article
Adlington, K., McSweeney, R., Dimitrakis, G., Kingman, S. W., Robinson, J. P., & Irvine, D. J. (2014). Enhanced ‘in situ’ catalysis via microwave selective heating: catalytic chain transfer polymerisation. RSC Advances, 4(31), 16172-16180. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra00907j

An extremely facile, single stage, ‘in-situ’, Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerisation (CCTP) process has been identified, where the optimal polymerisation process was shown to depend upon a combination of catalyst characteristics (i.e. solubility, se... Read More about Enhanced ‘in situ’ catalysis via microwave selective heating: catalytic chain transfer polymerisation.

Investigation into the mechanisms by which microwave heating enhances separation of water-in-oil emulsions (2014)
Journal Article
Binner, E., Robinson, J. P., Silvester, S., Kingman, S., & Lester, E. (2014). Investigation into the mechanisms by which microwave heating enhances separation of water-in-oil emulsions. Fuel, 116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.042

The separation of water-in-oil emulsions made with Azeri crude was investigated using natural gravity settling and microwave heating techniques. Separation times could be reduced by an order of magnitude compared with untreated emulsions. Increasing... Read More about Investigation into the mechanisms by which microwave heating enhances separation of water-in-oil emulsions.

A review of microwave coal processing (2014)
Journal Article
Binner, E., Lester, E., Kingman, S., Dodds, C., Wu, T., Robinson, J. P., …Mathews, J. P. (2014). A review of microwave coal processing. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 48(1),

This paper reviews the application of microwave energy in coal processing and utilisation. It covers a wide variety of processes including liberation of minerals, coal drying, pre-treatment to improve grindability, liquefaction enhancements and coke... Read More about A review of microwave coal processing.

Separation of oil/water emulsions in continuous flow using microwave heating (2013)
Journal Article
Binner, E., Robinson, J. P., Kingman, S., Lester, E., Azzopardi, B. J., Dimitrakis, G., & Briggs, J. (2013). Separation of oil/water emulsions in continuous flow using microwave heating. Energy and Fuels, 27(6), https://doi.org/10.1021/ef400634n

This work studies a continuous flow microwave system to enhance gravity settling of water-in-oil emulsions. Settling times were found to be dependent upon the applied power, flowrate and energy input. Power and energy input are linked to liquid flowr... Read More about Separation of oil/water emulsions in continuous flow using microwave heating.