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Motherhood, Human Trafficking, and Asylum Seeking: The Experiences and Needs of Survivor Mothers in Birthing and Postnatal Care (2024)
Journal Article
Bosatta, L., Crespi de Valldaura, M., Bales, K., Spiby, H., & Ni Bhriain, L. (2024). Motherhood, Human Trafficking, and Asylum Seeking: The Experiences and Needs of Survivor Mothers in Birthing and Postnatal Care. Societies, 14(5), Article 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14050069

This article aims to illuminate the little-studied phenomenon of asylum-seeking child-bearing women in the UK, survivors of violence and human trafficking. This is a significant issue in terms of the proportion of women affected and the paucity of ca... Read More about Motherhood, Human Trafficking, and Asylum Seeking: The Experiences and Needs of Survivor Mothers in Birthing and Postnatal Care.

Expanding and protecting human rights from space (2023)
Journal Article
Bales, K. (2023). Expanding and protecting human rights from space. Digital War, 5(1-2), 33-37. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-023-00064-x

The area of surveillance of human activities from above is fraught with concerns and controversy. Such surveillance is clearly being used in ways that invade human lives and often put those lives in danger. At the same time, there is an argument for... Read More about Expanding and protecting human rights from space.

Contemporary slavery in armed conflict: Introducing the CSAC dataset, 1989–2016 (2022)
Journal Article
Smith, A., Datta, M. N., & Bales, K. (2023). Contemporary slavery in armed conflict: Introducing the CSAC dataset, 1989–2016. Journal of Peace Research, 60(2), 362-372. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433211065649

We introduce a new dataset, Contemporary Slavery in Armed Conflict (CSAC), coding instances and types of enslavement in armed conflict from 1989 to 2016, building on Uppsala Conflict Data Program data. CSAC currently covers 171 armed conflicts from 1... Read More about Contemporary slavery in armed conflict: Introducing the CSAC dataset, 1989–2016.

What is the link between natural disaster and human trafficking and slavery? (2021)
Journal Article
Bales, K. (2021). What is the link between natural disaster and human trafficking and slavery?. Journal of Modern Slavery, 6(3), 36-47. https://doi.org/10.22150/jms/mojj8604

A popular supposition is that natural disasters generate immediate criminal activity by human traffickers. There is little evidence to support this idea. It is clear that natural disasters can dramatically increase vulnerability, which then increases... Read More about What is the link between natural disaster and human trafficking and slavery?.

From forests to factories: How modern slavery deepens the crisis of climate change (2021)
Journal Article
Bales, K., & Sovacool, B. K. (2021). From forests to factories: How modern slavery deepens the crisis of climate change. Energy Research and Social Science, 77, Article 102096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102096

Globally those in slavery, though small in absolute numbers (est. 40.2 million), contribute disproportionately to environmental destruction and carbon emissions. If modern slaves were a country, they would be the third largest emitter of carbon dioxi... Read More about From forests to factories: How modern slavery deepens the crisis of climate change.

Growing evidence of the interconnections between modern slavery, environmental degradation, and climate change (2021)
Journal Article
Decker Sparks, J. L., Boyd, D. S., Jackson, B., Ives, C. D., & Bales, K. (2021). Growing evidence of the interconnections between modern slavery, environmental degradation, and climate change. One Earth, 4(2), 181-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.01.015

The modern slavery–environmental degradation–climate change nexus may threaten the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Globally, approximately 12.2 million workers are entrapped in modern slavery in environmentally degrading acti... Read More about Growing evidence of the interconnections between modern slavery, environmental degradation, and climate change.

Mental health recovery for survivors of modern slavery: grounded theory study protocol (2020)
Journal Article
Wright, N., Hadziosmanovic, E., Dang, M., Bales, K., Brookes, C., Jordan, M., …Lived Experience Research Advisory Board. (2020). Mental health recovery for survivors of modern slavery: grounded theory study protocol. BMJ Open, 10(11), Article e038583. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038583

© 2020 Author(s). Published by BMJ. Introduction Slavery and human trafficking are crimes involving the violation of human rights and refer to exploitative situations where an individual cannot refuse or leave due to threats, coercion or abuse of pow... Read More about Mental health recovery for survivors of modern slavery: grounded theory study protocol.

Remote sensing of fish-processing in the Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Bangladesh: an insight into the modern slavery-environment nexus in the coastal fringe (2020)
Journal Article
Jackson, B., Boyd, D. S., Ives, C. D., Decker Sparks, J. L., Foody, G. M., Marsh, S., & Bales, K. (2020). Remote sensing of fish-processing in the Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Bangladesh: an insight into the modern slavery-environment nexus in the coastal fringe. Maritime Studies, 19(4), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40152-020-00199-7

© 2020, The Author(s). Land-based fish-processing activities in coastal fringe areas and their social-ecological impacts have often been overlooked by marine scientists and antislavery groups. Using remote sensing methods, the location and impacts of... Read More about Remote sensing of fish-processing in the Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Bangladesh: an insight into the modern slavery-environment nexus in the coastal fringe.

Not Yet Dead: The Establishment and Regulation of Slavery by the Islamic State (2020)
Journal Article
Al-Dayel, N., Mumford, A., & Bales, K. (2022). Not Yet Dead: The Establishment and Regulation of Slavery by the Islamic State. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 45(11), 929-952. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1711590

The Islamic State is an organization at the nexus of modern slavery and terrorism. This article provides the first in-depth analysis of how it regulated slavery. With a consideration of gendered approaches, it applies multiple data sources to reveal... Read More about Not Yet Dead: The Establishment and Regulation of Slavery by the Islamic State.

How Many Trafficked People Are There in Greater New Orleans? Lessons in Measurement (2019)
Journal Article
Bales, K., Murphy, L. T., & Silverman, B. W. (2020). How Many Trafficked People Are There in Greater New Orleans? Lessons in Measurement. Journal of Human Trafficking, 6(4), 375-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2019.1634936

Researchers in the field of modern slavery and human trafficking have faced significant challenges in estimating the prevalence of victimization since the emergence of the field in the 1990s. 1 Human trafficking is a hidden crime, which for several r... Read More about How Many Trafficked People Are There in Greater New Orleans? Lessons in Measurement.

Analysing Slavery through Satellite Technology: How Remote Sensing Could Revolutionise Data Collection to Help End Modern Slavery (2019)
Journal Article
Jackson, B., Bales, K., Owen, S., Wardlaw, J., & Boyd, D. S. (2019). Analysing Slavery through Satellite Technology: How Remote Sensing Could Revolutionise Data Collection to Help End Modern Slavery. Journal of Modern Slavery, 4(2), 169-199

An estimated 40.3 million people are enslaved globally across a range of industries. Whilst these industries are known, their scale can hinder the fight against slavery. Some industries using slave labour are visible in satellite imagery, including m... Read More about Analysing Slavery through Satellite Technology: How Remote Sensing Could Revolutionise Data Collection to Help End Modern Slavery.

Esclavages contemporaines (2018)
Book Chapter
Bales, K. (2018). Esclavages contemporaines. In P. Savidan (Ed.), Dictionnaire des inégalités et de la justice socialePresses Universitaires de France

Getting what we want: experience and impact in research with survivors of slavery (2016)
Book Chapter
Bales, K. (2016). Getting what we want: experience and impact in research with survivors of slavery. In D. Siegel, & R. D. Wildt (Eds.), Ethical concerns in research on human trafficking (173-190). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21521-1_11

This chapter examines the ethical and moral dilemmas present in conducting research within vulnerable populations. In particular, we explore the process of conducting interviews with trafficking victims that identify as transient minor sex workers. I... Read More about Getting what we want: experience and impact in research with survivors of slavery.

Forced Marriage, Slavery, and Plural Legal Systems: An African Example (2016)
Journal Article
Sarich, J., Olivier, M., & Bales, K. (2016). Forced Marriage, Slavery, and Plural Legal Systems: An African Example. Human Rights Quarterly, 38(2), 450-476. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2016.0030

Slavery, long abolished under international law, left a devastating imprint on Africa. However, enslavement of women through forced marriages remains a common phenomenon in many African states. These African states share the common feature of legal p... Read More about Forced Marriage, Slavery, and Plural Legal Systems: An African Example.

Slavery as a Social Institution (2015)
Book Chapter
Bales, K. (2015). Slavery as a Social Institution. In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 43-48. (2nd). Elsevier