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Molecular classification of breast cancer: what the pathologist needs to know (2016)
Journal Article
Rakha, E. A., & Green, A. R. (2017). Molecular classification of breast cancer: what the pathologist needs to know. Pathology, 49(2), 111-119. doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2016.10.012

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease featuring distinct histological, molecular and clinical phenotypes. Although traditional classification systems utilising clinicopathological and few molecular markers are well established and validated, they... Read More about Molecular classification of breast cancer: what the pathologist needs to know.

Prognostic stratification of oestrogen receptor-positive HER2-negative lymph node-negative class of breast cancer (2016)
Journal Article
Rakha, E. A., Agarwal, D., Green, A. R., Ashankyty, I., Ellis, I. O., Ball, G., & Alaskandarany, M. A. (2017). Prognostic stratification of oestrogen receptor-positive HER2-negative lymph node-negative class of breast cancer. Histopathology, 70(4), 622-631. doi:10.1111/his.13108

Aims Multigene assay is recommended currently for prognostic stratification of the clinically indeterminate group of breast cancer (BC) patients defined as lymph node (LN)?negative, oestrogen receptor (ER)?positive, HER2?negative (LN?/ER+/HER2?) t... Read More about Prognostic stratification of oestrogen receptor-positive HER2-negative lymph node-negative class of breast cancer.

Clinicopathological and functional significance of RECQL1 helicase in sporadic breast cancers (2016)
Journal Article
Arora, A., Parvathaneni, S., Aleskandarany, M. A., Agarwal, D., Ali, R., Abdel-Fatah, T., …Madhusudan, S. (2017). Clinicopathological and functional significance of RECQL1 helicase in sporadic breast cancers. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 16(1), https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-16-0290

RECQL1, a key member of the RecQ family of DNA helicases, is required for DNA replication and DNA repair. Two recent studies have shown that germline RECQL1 mutations are associated with increased breast cancer susceptibility. Whether altered RECQL1... Read More about Clinicopathological and functional significance of RECQL1 helicase in sporadic breast cancers.

Breast conservation in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): what defines optimal margins? (2016)
Journal Article
Toss, M. S., Pinder, S. E., Green, A. R., Thomas, J., Morgan, D. A., Robertson, J. F., …Rakha, E. A. (2017). Breast conservation in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): what defines optimal margins?. Histopathology, 70(5), 681-692. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13116

The introduction of mammographic screening has resulted in a rise in the detection rate of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), currently accounting for one‐fifth of screen‐detected breast cancers. Although 60–70% of DCIS are treated with breast‐conservi... Read More about Breast conservation in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): what defines optimal margins?.

Caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression in breast cancer: caspase-3 is associated with survival (2016)
Journal Article
Xuan, P., Storr, S. J., Zhang, Y., Rakha, E., Green, A. R., Ellis, I. O., & Martin, S. G. (in press). Caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression in breast cancer: caspase-3 is associated with survival. Apoptosis, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-016-1323-5

Impaired apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Caspase-3 and -8 are key regulators of the apoptotic response and have been shown to interact with the calpain family, a group of cysteine proteases, during tumorigenesis. The current study sought... Read More about Caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression in breast cancer: caspase-3 is associated with survival.

Clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of Ku 70/80 expression in Nigerian breast cancer and its potential therapeutic implications (2016)
Journal Article
Agboola, A. O., Ebili, H. O., Iyawe, V. O., Banjo, A. A., Salami, B. A., Rakha, E. A., …Green, A. R. (2017). Clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of Ku 70/80 expression in Nigerian breast cancer and its potential therapeutic implications. Pathology - Research and Practice, 213(1), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2016.10.005

Ku 70/80 is a regulator of the Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) roles in clinicopathological features, and has prognostic significance in breast cancer (BC) in Caucasian populations. However, its significance in the Nigerian BC population, which is... Read More about Clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of Ku 70/80 expression in Nigerian breast cancer and its potential therapeutic implications.

Further evidence to support bimodality of oestrogen receptor expression in breast cancer (2016)
Journal Article
Muftah, A. A., Aleskandarany, M., Sonbul, S. N., Nolan, C. C., Diez Rodriguez, M., Caldas, C., …Rakha, E. A. (2017). Further evidence to support bimodality of oestrogen receptor expression in breast cancer. Histopathology, 70(3), 456-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13089

Aims: Although oestrogen receptor (ER)‐negative breast cancers (BCs) do not respond to hormone therapy, the response of ER‐positive BCs is reported to be variable, which may suggest a dose‐dependent effect. The aim of this study was to assess the pat... Read More about Further evidence to support bimodality of oestrogen receptor expression in breast cancer.

Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in breast cancers (2016)
Journal Article
Ahmad, D. A. J., Negm, O. H., Layth Alabdullah, M., Mirza, S., Hamed, M. R., Band, V., …Rakha, E. (2016). Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in breast cancers. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 159(3), 457-467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3967-9

Background Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are signalling transduction molecules that have different functions and diverse behaviour in cancer. In breast cancer, MAPK is related to oestrogen receptor (ER) and HER2. Methods Protein express... Read More about Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in breast cancers.

Impact of tissue sampling on accuracy of Ki67 immunohistochemistry evaluation in breast cancer (2016)
Journal Article
Besusparis, J., Plancoulaine, B., Rasmusson, A., Augulis, R., Green, A. R., Ellis, I. O., …Laurinavicius, A. (2016). Impact of tissue sampling on accuracy of Ki67 immunohistochemistry evaluation in breast cancer. Diagnostic Pathology, 11(1), Article 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13000-016-0525-z

Background: Gene expression studies have identified molecular subtypes of breast cancer with implications to chemotherapy recommendations. For distinction of these types, a combination of immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers, including proliferative ac... Read More about Impact of tissue sampling on accuracy of Ki67 immunohistochemistry evaluation in breast cancer.

Prognostic significance of androgen receptor expression in invasive breast cancer: transcriptomic and protein expression analysis (2016)
Journal Article
Aleskandarany, M. A., Abduljabbar, R., Ashankyty, I., Elmouna, A., Jerjees, D., Ali, S., …Rakha, E. A. (2016). Prognostic significance of androgen receptor expression in invasive breast cancer: transcriptomic and protein expression analysis. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 159(2), 215-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3934-5

Differential prognostic roles of Androgen Receptor (AR) have been proposed in breast cancer (BC) depending on tumour oestrogen receptor (ER) status. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic and/or predictive significance of AR expression in invasi... Read More about Prognostic significance of androgen receptor expression in invasive breast cancer: transcriptomic and protein expression analysis.

Clinical and biological significance of RAD51 expression in breast cancer: a key DNA damage response protein (2016)
Journal Article
Alshareeda, A., Negm, O. H., Aleskandarany, M. A., Green, A. R., Nolan, C., Tighe, P. J., …Rakha, E. (2016). Clinical and biological significance of RAD51 expression in breast cancer: a key DNA damage response protein. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 159(1), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3915-8

Impaired DNA damage response (DDR) may play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC). RAD51 is a key player in DNA double-strand break repair. In this study, we aimed to assess the biological and clinical significance of RAD51 exp... Read More about Clinical and biological significance of RAD51 expression in breast cancer: a key DNA damage response protein.

Impact of intratumoural heterogeneity on the assessment of Ki67 expression in breast cancer (2016)
Journal Article
Aleskandarany, M. A., Green, A. R., Ashankyty, I., Elmouna, A., Diez-Rodriguez, M., Nolan, C. C., …Rakha, E. (in press). Impact of intratumoural heterogeneity on the assessment of Ki67 expression in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 158(2), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3893-x

In breast cancer (BC), the prognostic value of Ki67 expression is well-documented. Intratumoural heterogeneity (ITH) of Ki67 expression is amongst the several technical issues behind the lag of its inclusion into BC prognostic work-up. The immunohist... Read More about Impact of intratumoural heterogeneity on the assessment of Ki67 expression in breast cancer.

Overexpression of specific CD44 isoforms is associated with aggressive cell features in acquired endocrine resistance (2016)
Journal Article
Bellerby, R., Smith, C., Kyme, S., Gee, J., Günthert, U., Green, A., …Hiscox, S. (2016). Overexpression of specific CD44 isoforms is associated with aggressive cell features in acquired endocrine resistance. Frontiers in Oncology, 6, Article 145. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2016.00145

While endocrine therapy is the mainstay of ER+ breast cancer, the clinical effectiveness of these agents is limited by the phenomenon of acquired resistance that is associated with disease relapse and poor prognosis. Our previous studies revealed tha... Read More about Overexpression of specific CD44 isoforms is associated with aggressive cell features in acquired endocrine resistance.

SPAG5 as a prognostic biomarker and chemotherapy sensitivity predictor in breast cancer: a retrospective, integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and protein analysis (2016)
Journal Article
Abdel-Fatah, T. M., Agarwal, D., Liu, D., Russell, R., Rueda, O. M., Liu, K., …Chan, S. Y. (2016). SPAG5 as a prognostic biomarker and chemotherapy sensitivity predictor in breast cancer: a retrospective, integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and protein analysis. Lancet Oncology, 17(7), 1004-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045%2816%2900174-1

Background: Proliferation markers and profiles have been recommended for guiding the choice of systemic treatments for breast cancer. However, the best molecular marker or test to use has not yet been identified. We did this study to identify factors... Read More about SPAG5 as a prognostic biomarker and chemotherapy sensitivity predictor in breast cancer: a retrospective, integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and protein analysis.

The somatic mutation profiles of 2,433 breast cancers refines their genomic and transcriptomic landscapes (2016)
Journal Article
Pereira, B., Chin, S., Rueda, O. M., Vollan, H. M., Provenzano, E., Bardwell, H. A., …Caldas, C. (in press). The somatic mutation profiles of 2,433 breast cancers refines their genomic and transcriptomic landscapes. Nature Communications, 7, Article 11479. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11479

The genomic landscape of breast cancer is complex, and inter- and intra-tumour heterogeneity are important challenges in treating the disease. In this study, we sequence 173 genes in 2,433 primary breast tumours that have copy number aberration (CNA)... Read More about The somatic mutation profiles of 2,433 breast cancers refines their genomic and transcriptomic landscapes.

Nottingham prognostic index plus (NPI+) predicts risk of distant metastases in primary breast cancer (2016)
Journal Article
Green, A. R., Soria, D., Powe, D. G., Nolan, C. C., Aleskandarany, M. A., Szász, M., …Ellis, I. O. (2016). Nottingham prognostic index plus (NPI+) predicts risk of distant metastases in primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 157(1), 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3804-1

The Nottingham prognostic index plus (NPI+) is based on the assessment of biological class combined with established clinicopathologic prognostic variables providing improved patient outcome stratification for breast cancer superior to the traditiona... Read More about Nottingham prognostic index plus (NPI+) predicts risk of distant metastases in primary breast cancer.

MYC functions are specific in biological subtypes of breast cancer and confers resistance to endocrine therapy in luminal tumours (2016)
Journal Article
Green, A. R., Aleskandarany, M. A., Agarwal, D., Elsheikh, S., Nolan, C. C., Diez-Rodriguez, M., …Rakha, E. A. (2016). MYC functions are specific in biological subtypes of breast cancer and confers resistance to endocrine therapy in luminal tumours. British Journal of Cancer, 114(8), 917-928. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.46

Background: MYC is amplified in approximately 15% of breast cancers (BCs) and is associated with poor outcome. c-MYC protein is multi-faceted and participates in many aspects of cellular function and is linked with therapeutic response in BCs. We... Read More about MYC functions are specific in biological subtypes of breast cancer and confers resistance to endocrine therapy in luminal tumours.

The prognostic significance of STAT3 in invasive breast cancer: analysis of protein and mRNA expressions in large cohorts (2016)
Journal Article
Aleskandarany, M. A., Agarwal, D., Negm, O. H., Ball, G., Elmouna, A., Ashankyty, I., …Rakha, E. A. (2016). The prognostic significance of STAT3 in invasive breast cancer: analysis of protein and mRNA expressions in large cohorts. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 156(1), 9-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3709-z

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) transcription factors family are involved in diverse cellular biological functions. Reports regarding the prognostic impact of STAT3 expression in breast cancer (BC) are variable whether being a... Read More about The prognostic significance of STAT3 in invasive breast cancer: analysis of protein and mRNA expressions in large cohorts.

RECQL4 helicase has oncogenic potential in sporadic breast cancers (2016)
Journal Article
Arora, A., Agarwal, D., Abdel-Fatah, T. M., Lu, H., Croteau, D. L., Moseley, P., …Madhusudan, S. (2016). RECQL4 helicase has oncogenic potential in sporadic breast cancers. Journal of Pathology, 238(4), 495-501. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.4681

RECQL4 helicase is a molecular motor that unwinds DNA, a process essential during DNA replication and DNA repair. Germ-line mutations in RECQL4 cause type II Rothmund–Thomson syndrome (RTS), characterized by a premature ageing phenotype and cancer pr... Read More about RECQL4 helicase has oncogenic potential in sporadic breast cancers.