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Characterisation of luminal and triple-negative breast cancer with HER2 Low protein expression (2023)
Journal Article
Atallah, N. M., Haque, M., Quinn, C., Toss, M. S., Makhlouf, S., Ibrahim, A., …Rakha, E. (2023). Characterisation of luminal and triple-negative breast cancer with HER2 Low protein expression. European Journal of Cancer, 195, Article 113371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2023.113371

Background: Breast cancer (BC) expressing low levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2 Low) is an emerging category that needs further refining. This study aims to provide a comprehensive clinico-pathological and molecular profile of... Read More about Characterisation of luminal and triple-negative breast cancer with HER2 Low protein expression.

Characteristics and prognostic significance of polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) expression in breast cancer (2023)
Journal Article
Lashen, A. G., Toss, M. S., Wootton, L., Green, A. R., Mongan, N. P., Madhusudan, S., & Rakha, E. (2023). Characteristics and prognostic significance of polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) expression in breast cancer. Histopathology, 83(3), 414-425. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.14960

Background: Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) plays a crucial role in cell cycle progression,and it is considered a potential therapeutic target in many cancers. Although the role of PLK1 is well established in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) as an onco... Read More about Characteristics and prognostic significance of polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) expression in breast cancer.

High Inner Centromere Protein Expression Correlates with Aggressive Features and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Patients with Invasive Breast Cancer (2023)
Journal Article
Ibrahim, A., Miligy, I. M., Toss, M. S., Green, A. R., & Rakha, E. A. (2023). High Inner Centromere Protein Expression Correlates with Aggressive Features and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Patients with Invasive Breast Cancer. Pathobiology, 90(6), 377–388. https://doi.org/10.1159/000529628

Introduction: Inner centromere protein (INCENP) is a member of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) and plays a key role in mitosis and cell proliferation. This study aims to evaluate the clinical and prognostic significance of INCENP in invasive... Read More about High Inner Centromere Protein Expression Correlates with Aggressive Features and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Patients with Invasive Breast Cancer.

Combined proliferation and apoptosis index provides better risk stratification in breast cancer (2023)
Journal Article
Ibrahim, A., Toss, M. S., Atallah, N. M., Al Saleem, M., Green, A. R., & Rakha, E. A. (2023). Combined proliferation and apoptosis index provides better risk stratification in breast cancer. Histopathology, 82(7), 1029-1047. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.14887

Aims: Breast cancer (BC) risk stratification is critical for predicting behaviour and guiding management decision-making. Despite the well-established prognostic value of cellular proliferation in BC, the interplay between proliferation and apoptosis... Read More about Combined proliferation and apoptosis index provides better risk stratification in breast cancer.

Clinical and molecular significance of the RNA m6A methyltransferase complex in prostate cancer (2023)
Journal Article
Lothion-Roy, J., Haigh, D. B., Harris, A. E., Metzler, V. M., Alsaleem, M., Toss, M. S., …Woodcock, C. L. (2023). Clinical and molecular significance of the RNA m6A methyltransferase complex in prostate cancer. Frontiers in Genetics, 13, Article 1096071. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.1096071

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal mRNA modification and is dynamically regulated through distinct protein complexes that methylate, demethylate, and/or interpret the m6A modification. These proteins, and the m6A modification, are... Read More about Clinical and molecular significance of the RNA m6A methyltransferase complex in prostate cancer.

The clinical significance of cyclin B1 (CCNB1) in invasive breast cancer with emphasis on its contribution to lymphovascular invasion development (2022)
Journal Article
Aljohani, A. I., Toss, M. S., Green, A. R., & Rakha, E. (2023). The clinical significance of cyclin B1 (CCNB1) in invasive breast cancer with emphasis on its contribution to lymphovascular invasion development. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 198, 423-435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-022-06801-2

Background Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is regulated through complex molecular mechanisms. Cyclin B1 (CCNB1) was previously determined as being associated with LVI using large cohorts of breast cancer (BC) and artificial neural network (ANN) techni... Read More about The clinical significance of cyclin B1 (CCNB1) in invasive breast cancer with emphasis on its contribution to lymphovascular invasion development.

Ki67 assessment in invasive luminal breast cancer: a comparative study between different scoring methods (2022)
Journal Article
Lashen, A., Toss, M. S., Green, A. R., Mongan, N. P., & Rakha, E. (2022). Ki67 assessment in invasive luminal breast cancer: a comparative study between different scoring methods. Histopathology, 81(6), 786-798. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.14781

Background: Ki67 reflects the proliferation activity in breast cancer (BC). However, an optimal method for its assessment in clinical settings has yet to be robustly defined. In this study, we compared several methods to score Ki67 to identify a reli... Read More about Ki67 assessment in invasive luminal breast cancer: a comparative study between different scoring methods.

Aurora Kinase A Is an Independent Predictor of Invasive Recurrence in Breast Ductal Carcinoma in situ (2022)
Journal Article
Miligy, I. M., Toss, M. S., Gorringe, K. L., Ellis, I. O., Green, A. R., & Rakha, E. A. (2022). Aurora Kinase A Is an Independent Predictor of Invasive Recurrence in Breast Ductal Carcinoma in situ. Pathobiology, 89(6), 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1159/000522244

Aurora Kinase A (AURKA/STK15) has a role in centrosome duplication and is a regulator of mitotic cell proliferation. It is over-expressed in breast cancer and other cancers, however; its role in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) remains to be defined.... Read More about Aurora Kinase A Is an Independent Predictor of Invasive Recurrence in Breast Ductal Carcinoma in situ.

The characteristics and clinical significance of atypical mitosis in breast cancer (2022)
Journal Article
Lashen, A., Toss, M. S., Alsaleem, M., Green, A. R., Mongan, N. P., & Rakha, E. (2022). The characteristics and clinical significance of atypical mitosis in breast cancer. Modern Pathology, 35, 1341-1348. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41379-022-01080-0

Atypical mitosis is considered a feature of malignancy, however, its significance in breast cancer (BC) remains elusive. Here, we aimed to assess the clinical value of atypical mitoses in BC and to explore their underlying molecular features. Atypica... Read More about The characteristics and clinical significance of atypical mitosis in breast cancer.

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2C (UBE2C) is a poor prognostic biomarker in invasive breast cancer (2022)
Journal Article
Kariri, Y., Toss, M. S., Alsaleem, M., Elsharawy, K. A., Joseph, C., Mongan, N. P., …Rakha, E. A. (2022). Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2C (UBE2C) is a poor prognostic biomarker in invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 192(3), 529-539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-022-06531-5

Background The Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2C (UBE2C) is essential for the ubiquitin–proteasome system and is involved in cancer cell migration and apoptosis. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of UBE2C in invasive breast cancer (BC... Read More about Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2C (UBE2C) is a poor prognostic biomarker in invasive breast cancer.

Untangling the clinicopathological significance of MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex in sporadic breast cancers (2021)
Journal Article
Alblihy, A., Shoqafi, A., Toss, M. S., Algethami, M., Harris, A. E., Jeyapalan, J. N., …Madhusudan, S. (2021). Untangling the clinicopathological significance of MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex in sporadic breast cancers. npj Breast Cancer, 7(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41523-021-00350-5

The MRE11–RAD50–NBS1 (MRN) complex is critical for genomic stability. Although germline mutations in MRN may increase breast cancer susceptibility, such mutations are extremely rare. Here, we have conducted a comprehensive clinicopathological study o... Read More about Untangling the clinicopathological significance of MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex in sporadic breast cancers.

Assessment of proliferation in breast cancer: cell cycle or mitosis? An observational study (2021)
Journal Article
Lashen, A. G., Toss, M. S., Katayama, A., Gogna, R., Mongan, N. P., & Rakha, E. A. (2021). Assessment of proliferation in breast cancer: cell cycle or mitosis? An observational study. Histopathology, 79(6), 1087-1098. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.14542

Background and aims: Proliferation is an important indicator of breast cancer (BC) prognosis, but is assessed using different approaches. Not all cells in the cell cycle are committed to division. This study aimed to characterise quantitative differe... Read More about Assessment of proliferation in breast cancer: cell cycle or mitosis? An observational study.

Oestrogen-regulated protein SLC39A6: a biomarker of good prognosis in luminal breast cancer (2021)
Journal Article
Althobiti, M., El-Sharawy, K. A., Joseph, C., Aleskandarany, M., Toss, M. S., Green, A. R., & Rakha, E. A. (2021). Oestrogen-regulated protein SLC39A6: a biomarker of good prognosis in luminal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 189(3), 621-630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-021-06336-y

Purpose The outcome of the luminal oestrogen receptor-positive (ER +) subtype of breast cancer (BC) is highly variable and patient stratification needs to be refined. We assessed the prognostic significance of oestrogen-regulated solute carrier fami... Read More about Oestrogen-regulated protein SLC39A6: a biomarker of good prognosis in luminal breast cancer.

The frequency and clinical significance of DNA polymerase beta (POLβ) expression in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (2021)
Journal Article
Al-Kawaz, A., Ali, R., Toss, M. S., Miligy, I. M., Mohammed, O. J., Green, A. R., …Rakha, E. A. (2021). The frequency and clinical significance of DNA polymerase beta (POLβ) expression in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 190, 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-021-06357-7

Background: The prediction of clinical behaviour of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and its progression to invasive disease remains a challenge. Alterations of DNA damage repair mechanisms are associated with invasive breast cancer (BC). This... Read More about The frequency and clinical significance of DNA polymerase beta (POLβ) expression in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).

The Biological and Clinical Significance of Glutaminase in Luminal Breast Cancer (2021)
Journal Article
Masisi, B. K., El Ansari, R., Alfarsi, L., Craze, M. L., Jewa, N., Oldfield, A., …Green, A. R. (2021). The Biological and Clinical Significance of Glutaminase in Luminal Breast Cancer. Cancers, 13(16), Article 3963. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13163963

Glutamine metabolism has a key role in the regulation of uncontrolled tumour growth. This study aimed to evaluate the expression and prognostic significance of glutaminase in luminal breast cancer (BC). The glutaminase isoforms (GLS/GLS2) were assess... Read More about The Biological and Clinical Significance of Glutaminase in Luminal Breast Cancer.

The prognostic significance of Flap Endonuclease 1 (FEN1) in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (2021)
Journal Article
Al-Kawaz, A., Miligy, I. M., Toss, M. S., Mohammed, O. J., Green, A. R., Madhusudan, S., & Rakha, E. A. (2021). The prognostic significance of Flap Endonuclease 1 (FEN1) in breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 188(1), 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-021-06271-y

Background Impaired DNA repair mechanism is one of the cancer hallmarks. Flap Endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is essential for genomic integrity. FEN1 has key roles during base excision repair (BER) and replication. We hypothesised a role for FEN1 in breast c... Read More about The prognostic significance of Flap Endonuclease 1 (FEN1) in breast ductal carcinoma in situ.

Diagnostic Concordance of Phyllodes Tumour of the Breast (2021)
Journal Article
Rakha, E., Mihai, R., Abbas, A., Bennett, R., Campora, M., Morena, P., …Ellis, I. (2021). Diagnostic Concordance of Phyllodes Tumour of the Breast. Histopathology, 79(4), 607-618. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.14397

Background: Phyllodes tumours (PT) are rare and distinct breast tumours, which span a morphological continuum. Classification into benign, borderline and malignant categories reflects their biology and clinical behaviour and is essential to guide man... Read More about Diagnostic Concordance of Phyllodes Tumour of the Breast.

Prognostic significance of heat shock protein 90AA1 (HSP90?) in invasive breast cancer (2021)
Journal Article
Alsaeed, S. A., Toss, M., Alsaleem, M., Aleskandarany, M., Joseph, C., Kurozumi, S., …Rakha, E. (2022). Prognostic significance of heat shock protein 90AA1 (HSP90α) in invasive breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 75(4), 263-269. https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2020-207106

Aims: The mechanisms that drive breast cancer (BC) progression and poor outcome are not fully understood. The human heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1 (HSP90?) encoded by the HSP90 'A1 gene has a vital role in cellular responses to s... Read More about Prognostic significance of heat shock protein 90AA1 (HSP90?) in invasive breast cancer.

The role of ALDH1A1 in contributing to breast tumour aggressiveness: A study conducted in an African population (2021)
Journal Article
Gyan, E., Green, A., Ahenkorah-Fondjo, L., Jackson, A., Toss, M. S., Akakpo, P. K., …Owiredu, W. (2021). The role of ALDH1A1 in contributing to breast tumour aggressiveness: A study conducted in an African population. Annals of Diagnostic Pathology, 51, Article 151696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2020.151696

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 member A1 (ALDH1A1) is one of the most well studied breast cancer stem cells. Its expression has been associated with poor clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes in several studies. This paper studies the expressi... Read More about The role of ALDH1A1 in contributing to breast tumour aggressiveness: A study conducted in an African population.