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Elevated MMP9 expression in breast cancer is a predictor of shorter patient survival (2020)
Journal Article
Joseph, C., Alsaleem, M., Orah, N., Narasimha, P. L., Miligy, I. M., Kurozumi, S., …Rakha, E. A. (2020). Elevated MMP9 expression in breast cancer is a predictor of shorter patient survival. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 182, 267–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-020-05670-x

Purpose: MMP9 is a matricellular protein associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, that promotes tumour progression, and modulates the activity of cell adhesion molecules and cytokines. This study aims to assess the prognostic value of... Read More about Elevated MMP9 expression in breast cancer is a predictor of shorter patient survival.

The spectrum of triple-negative breast disease: high- and low-grade lesions (2018)
Journal Article
Geyer, F. C., Pareja, F., Weigelt, B., Rakha, E., Ellis, I. O., Schnitt, S. J., & Reis-Filho, J. S. (2018). The spectrum of triple-negative breast disease: high- and low-grade lesions. American Journal of Pathology, 187(10), 2139-2151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.03.016

Triple-negative breast cancer is viewed clinically as an aggressive subgroup of breast cancer. In fact, most triple-negative breast cancers are poor-prognosis tumors with a complex genomic landscape. However, triple-negative disease is vastly heterog... Read More about The spectrum of triple-negative breast disease: high- and low-grade lesions.

Treatment strategies and survival outcomes in older women with breast cancer: a comparative study between the FOCUS cohort and Nottingham cohort (2018)
Journal Article
Schuil, H., Derks, M., Liefers, G., Portielje, J., van de Velde, C., Syed, B., …Bastiaannet, E. (in press). Treatment strategies and survival outcomes in older women with breast cancer: a comparative study between the FOCUS cohort and Nottingham cohort. Journal of Geriatric Oncology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2018.05.004

Objective: Clinical trials investigating breast cancer treatment often exclude or misrepresent older adults. This study compares treatment patterns and survival of older women diagnosed with breast cancer between a Dutch and a British observational c... Read More about Treatment strategies and survival outcomes in older women with breast cancer: a comparative study between the FOCUS cohort and Nottingham cohort.

Tumour heterogeneity of breast cancer: from morphology to personalised medicine (2018)
Journal Article
Aleskandarany, M. A., Vandenberghe, M. E., Marchiò, C., Ellis, I. O., Sapino, A., & Rakha, E. A. (2018). Tumour heterogeneity of breast cancer: from morphology to personalised medicine. Pathobiology, 85(1-2), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1159/000477851

Breast cancer (BC) displays striking clinical, morphological, and behavioural diversity within a single tumour and between tumours. Currently, mounting evidence indicates that the morphological heterogeneity of BC reflects an underlying spectrum of g... Read More about Tumour heterogeneity of breast cancer: from morphology to personalised medicine.

Prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (2018)
Journal Article
Toss, M. S., Miligy, I., Al-Kawaz, A., Alsleem, M., Khout, H., Rida, P. C., …Rakha, E. (in press). Prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Modern Pathology, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41379-018-0040-8

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) provide prognostic value in invasive breast cancer and guidelines for their assessment have been published. This study aims to evaluate: (a) methods of TILs assessment, and (b) their prognostic significance in br... Read More about Prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast.

First international TNBC conference meeting report (2018)
Journal Article
Rida, P., Ogden, A., Ellis, I. O., Varga, Z., Wolff, A. C., Traina, T. A., …Aneja, R. (2018). First international TNBC conference meeting report. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 169(3), 407-412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-018-4692-3

Recently, Georgia State University’s Centennial Hall was the premier location for the 2017 International Conference on Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC): Illuminating Actionable Biology, which was held from Sept. 18 to 20, 2017, in Atlanta, USA. T... Read More about First international TNBC conference meeting report.

IL-6 and IL-10 are associated with good prognosis in early stage invasive breast cancer patients (2017)
Journal Article
Ahmad, N., Ammar, A., Storr, S. J., Green, A. R., Rakha, E., Ellis, I., & Martin, S. G. (2018). IL-6 and IL-10 are associated with good prognosis in early stage invasive breast cancer patients. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 67(4), https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-017-2106-8

Macrophage-associated cytokines play an important role in cancer metastasis however the functions of Interleukins (IL) 6 and 10 in breast cancer (BC) progression and metastasis are not clear. In this study the roles of IL-6/IL-10 in regulating vascul... Read More about IL-6 and IL-10 are associated with good prognosis in early stage invasive breast cancer patients.

Invasion in breast lesions: the role of the epithelial-stroma barrier (2017)
Journal Article
Rakha, E. A., Miligy, I., Gorringe, K. L., Toss, M. S., Green, A. R., Fox, S. B., …Ellis, I. O. (2018). Invasion in breast lesions: the role of the epithelial-stroma barrier. Histopathology, 72(7), 1075-1083. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.13446

Despite the significant biological, behavioural and management differences between ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive carcinoma of the breast, they share many morphological and molecular similarities. Differentiation of these two different... Read More about Invasion in breast lesions: the role of the epithelial-stroma barrier.

Diagnostic challenges in papillary lesions of the breast (2017)
Journal Article
Rakha, E. A., & Ellis, I. O. (2017). Diagnostic challenges in papillary lesions of the breast. Pathology, 50(1), (100-110). doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2017.10.005. ISSN 0031-3025

Papillary lesions of the breast comprise a heterogeneous group of diseases ranging from benign and atypical lesions to malignant tumours including non-invasive and invasive entities. Although diagnosis of papillary lesions featuring typical histologi... Read More about Diagnostic challenges in papillary lesions of the breast.

Immunoprofile of metaplastic carcinomas of the breast (2017)
Journal Article
Rakha, E. A., Coimbra, N. D., Hodi, Z., Juneinah, E., Ellis, I. O., & Lee, A. H. (2017). Immunoprofile of metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. Histopathology, 70(6), (975-985). doi:10.1111/his.13159. ISSN 0309-0167

Aims Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is a rare type of breast cancer; its diagnosis in routine practice can be challenging, and may require immunohistochemical (IHC) characterization if no conventional invasive or in‐situ carcinoma is present. Pr... Read More about Immunoprofile of metaplastic carcinomas of the breast.

Cytoplasmic Cyclin E Predicts Recurrence in Patients with Breast Cancer (2016)
Journal Article
Hunt, K. K., Karakas, C., Ha, M. J., Biernacka, A., Yi, M., Sahin, A., …Keyomarsi, K. (2017). Cytoplasmic Cyclin E Predicts Recurrence in Patients with Breast Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 23(12), 2991-3002. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2217

Background: Low-molecular-weight-cyclin E (LMW-E) detected by Western blot, predicts for reduced breast cancer survival, however, it is impractical for clinical use. LMW-E lacks a nuclear localization signal which leads to accumulation in the cytopla... Read More about Cytoplasmic Cyclin E Predicts Recurrence in Patients with Breast Cancer.

Caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression in breast cancer: caspase-3 is associated with survival (2016)
Journal Article
Xuan, P., Storr, S. J., Zhang, Y., Rakha, E., Green, A. R., Ellis, I. O., & Martin, S. G. (in press). Caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression in breast cancer: caspase-3 is associated with survival. Apoptosis, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-016-1323-5

Impaired apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Caspase-3 and -8 are key regulators of the apoptotic response and have been shown to interact with the calpain family, a group of cysteine proteases, during tumorigenesis. The current study sought... Read More about Caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression in breast cancer: caspase-3 is associated with survival.

Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in breast cancers (2016)
Journal Article
Ahmad, D. A. J., Negm, O. H., Layth Alabdullah, M., Mirza, S., Hamed, M. R., Band, V., …Rakha, E. (2016). Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in breast cancers. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 159(3), 457-467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3967-9

Background Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are signalling transduction molecules that have different functions and diverse behaviour in cancer. In breast cancer, MAPK is related to oestrogen receptor (ER) and HER2. Methods Protein express... Read More about Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in breast cancers.

Clinical and biological significance of RAD51 expression in breast cancer: a key DNA damage response protein (2016)
Journal Article
Alshareeda, A., Negm, O. H., Aleskandarany, M. A., Green, A. R., Nolan, C., Tighe, P. J., …Rakha, E. (2016). Clinical and biological significance of RAD51 expression in breast cancer: a key DNA damage response protein. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 159(1), 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-016-3915-8

Impaired DNA damage response (DDR) may play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC). RAD51 is a key player in DNA double-strand break repair. In this study, we aimed to assess the biological and clinical significance of RAD51 exp... Read More about Clinical and biological significance of RAD51 expression in breast cancer: a key DNA damage response protein.

RECQL4 helicase has oncogenic potential in sporadic breast cancers (2016)
Journal Article
Arora, A., Agarwal, D., Abdel-Fatah, T. M., Lu, H., Croteau, D. L., Moseley, P., …Madhusudan, S. (2016). RECQL4 helicase has oncogenic potential in sporadic breast cancers. Journal of Pathology, 238(4), 495-501. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.4681

RECQL4 helicase is a molecular motor that unwinds DNA, a process essential during DNA replication and DNA repair. Germ-line mutations in RECQL4 cause type II Rothmund–Thomson syndrome (RTS), characterized by a premature ageing phenotype and cancer pr... Read More about RECQL4 helicase has oncogenic potential in sporadic breast cancers.

Markers of progression in early-stage invasive breast cancer: a predictive immunohistochemical panel algorithm for distant recurrence risk stratification (2015)
Journal Article
Aleskandarany, M. A., Soria, D., Green, A. R., Nolan, C., Diez-Rodriguez, M., Ellis, I. O., & Rakha, E. A. (2015). Markers of progression in early-stage invasive breast cancer: a predictive immunohistochemical panel algorithm for distant recurrence risk stratification. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 151(2), 325-333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-015-3406-3

Accurate distant metastasis (DM) prediction is critical for risk stratification and effective treatment decisions in breast cancer (BC). Many prognostic markers/models based on tissue marker studies are continually emerging using conventional statist... Read More about Markers of progression in early-stage invasive breast cancer: a predictive immunohistochemical panel algorithm for distant recurrence risk stratification.

A quantifier-based fuzzy classification system for breast cancer patients (2013)
Journal Article
Soria, D., Garibaldi, J. M., Green, A. R., Powe, D. G., Nolan, C. C., Lemetre, C., …Ellis, I. O. (2013). A quantifier-based fuzzy classification system for breast cancer patients. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 58(3), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2013.04.006

Objectives:Recent studies of breast cancer data have identified seven distinct clinical phenotypes (groups) using immunohistochemical analysis and a range of different clustering techniques. Consensus between unsupervised classification algorithms ha... Read More about A quantifier-based fuzzy classification system for breast cancer patients.

A methodology to identify consensus classes from clustering algorithms applied to immunohistochemical data from breast cancer patients (2010)
Journal Article
Soria, D., Garibaldi, J. M., Ambrogi, F., Green, A. R., Powe, D., Rakha, E., …Ellis, I. O. (2010). A methodology to identify consensus classes from clustering algorithms applied to immunohistochemical data from breast cancer patients. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 40(3), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2010.01.003

Single clustering methods have often been used to elucidate clusters in high dimensional medical data, even though reliance on a single algorithm is known to be problematic. In this paper, we present a methodology to determine a set of ‘core classes’... Read More about A methodology to identify consensus classes from clustering algorithms applied to immunohistochemical data from breast cancer patients.

Total loss of MHC class I is an independent indicator of good prognosis in breast cancer (2005)
Journal Article
Madjd, Z., Spendlove, I., Pinder, S. E., Ellis, I. O., & Durrant, L. G. (2005). Total loss of MHC class I is an independent indicator of good prognosis in breast cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 117(2), https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21163

Tumours can be recognised by CTL and NK cells. CTL recognition depends on expression of MHC Class I loaded with peptides from tumour antigens. In contrast, loss of MHC Class I results in NK activation. In our study a large set of samples from patient... Read More about Total loss of MHC class I is an independent indicator of good prognosis in breast cancer.