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A global-to-local sub modelling approach to investigate the effect of lubrication during double diaphragm forming of multi-ply biaxial non-crimp fabric preforms (2023)
Journal Article
Yu, F., Chen, S., Lawrence, G. D., Warrior, N. A., & Harper, L. T. (2023). A global-to-local sub modelling approach to investigate the effect of lubrication during double diaphragm forming of multi-ply biaxial non-crimp fabric preforms. Composites Part B: Engineering, 254, Article 110590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110590

The forming behaviour of preforms constructed from multiple plies of Non-Crimp Fabric (NCF) has been investigated for manufacturing a complex double-curved geometry using Double Diaphragm Forming (DDF). An established multi-resolution finite element... Read More about A global-to-local sub modelling approach to investigate the effect of lubrication during double diaphragm forming of multi-ply biaxial non-crimp fabric preforms.

The influence of inter-ply friction during double-diaphragm forming of biaxial NCFs (2023)
Journal Article
Lawrence, G. D., Chen, S., Warrior, N. A., & Harper, L. T. (2023). The influence of inter-ply friction during double-diaphragm forming of biaxial NCFs. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 167, Article 107426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107426

Inter-ply friction plays an important role in the formation of defects in automated preforming of complex components, as relative sliding between plies can generate local compressive stresses in the direction of the primary yarns, leading to out-of-p... Read More about The influence of inter-ply friction during double-diaphragm forming of biaxial NCFs.

Design guidelines for hybrid continuous/discontinuous carbon fibre laminates (2022)
Journal Article
Evans, A. D., Turner, T. A., Harper, L. T., & Warrior, N. A. (2022). Design guidelines for hybrid continuous/discontinuous carbon fibre laminates. Journal of Composite Materials, 56(10), 1513-1527. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983221078786

Combining discontinuous carbon fibre moulding compounds with unidirectional (UD) non-crimp fabric has been studied as a potential solution for producing cost effective composite structures, with short cycle times via compression moulding. The tensile... Read More about Design guidelines for hybrid continuous/discontinuous carbon fibre laminates.

Optimisation of intra-ply stitch removal for improved formability of biaxial non-crimp fabrics (2021)
Journal Article
Chen, S., Joesbury, A. M., Yu, F., Harper, L. T., & Warrior, N. A. (2022). Optimisation of intra-ply stitch removal for improved formability of biaxial non-crimp fabrics. Composites Part B: Engineering, 229, Article 109464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109464

Automated fabric forming solutions are required to meet the demand of liquid moulding processes, but wrinkling is a common problem for double-curvature parts due to a combination of the reinforcement type, manufacturing parameters and the part geomet... Read More about Optimisation of intra-ply stitch removal for improved formability of biaxial non-crimp fabrics.

Investigation into the effects of inter-ply sliding during double diaphragm forming for multi-layered biaxial non-crimp fabrics (2021)
Journal Article
Yu, F., Chen, S., Harper, L. T., & Warrior, N. A. (2021). Investigation into the effects of inter-ply sliding during double diaphragm forming for multi-layered biaxial non-crimp fabrics. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 150, Article 106611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106611

The effect of inter-ply sliding was investigated for multi-ply Non-Crimp Fabric (NCF) preforms during the Double Diaphragm Forming (DDF) process. A Finite Element (FE) model was employed to investigate the influence of the ply layup sequence and the... Read More about Investigation into the effects of inter-ply sliding during double diaphragm forming for multi-layered biaxial non-crimp fabrics.

Double diaphragm forming simulation using a global-to-local modelling strategy for detailed defect detection in large structures (2021)
Journal Article
Yu, F., Chen, S., Harper, L., & Warrior, N. (2021). Double diaphragm forming simulation using a global-to-local modelling strategy for detailed defect detection in large structures. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 147, Article 106457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106457

A global-to-local modelling strategy is presented based on a sub-modelling approach to predict the formation of macroscale defects in bi-axial non-crimp fabric (NCF) during double diaphragm forming (DDF). A full-scale global simulation is initially p... Read More about Double diaphragm forming simulation using a global-to-local modelling strategy for detailed defect detection in large structures.

Simulating the effect of fabric bending stiffness on the wrinkling behaviour of biaxial fabrics during preforming (2021)
Journal Article
Yu, F., Chen, S., Harper, L., & Warrior, N. (2021). Simulating the effect of fabric bending stiffness on the wrinkling behaviour of biaxial fabrics during preforming. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 143, Article 106308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106308

A macroscopic finite element model has been established to investigate the forming-induced wrinkling behaviour for bi-axial fabrics. Results indicate that using a linear bending model with a constant bending stiffness produces unrealistic wrinkle pat... Read More about Simulating the effect of fabric bending stiffness on the wrinkling behaviour of biaxial fabrics during preforming.

Electro-thermal and mechanical performance of multi-wall carbon nanotubes buckypapers embedded in fibre reinforced polymer composites for ice protection applications (2020)
Journal Article
Zangrossi, F., Xu, F., Warrior, N., Karapappas, P., & Hou, X. (2020). Electro-thermal and mechanical performance of multi-wall carbon nanotubes buckypapers embedded in fibre reinforced polymer composites for ice protection applications. Journal of Composite Materials, 54(23), 3457-3469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320915639

Several ice protection strategies have been developed to overcome the icing hazards in the aerospace industry. The electro-thermal method is one of the popular approaches to prevent ice accretion and accumulation on aircraft surfaces. Given the incre... Read More about Electro-thermal and mechanical performance of multi-wall carbon nanotubes buckypapers embedded in fibre reinforced polymer composites for ice protection applications.

Modelling the permeability of random discontinuous carbon fibre preforms (2020)
Journal Article
Xiao, Z., Liu, X., Harper, L. T., Endruweit, A., & Warrior, N. A. (2020). Modelling the permeability of random discontinuous carbon fibre preforms. Journal of Composite Materials, 54(20), 2739-2751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320902506

A force-directed algorithm was developed to create representative geometrical models of fibre distributions in Directed Carbon Fibre Preforms (DCFP). Local permeability values were calculated for the preform models depending on the local fibre orient... Read More about Modelling the permeability of random discontinuous carbon fibre preforms.

Characterisation of tack for uni-directional prepreg tape employing a continuous application-and-peel test method (2018)
Journal Article
Endruweit, A., Choong, G. Y., Ghose, S., Johnson, B. A., Younkin, D. R., Warrior, N. A., & De Focatiis, D. S. (2018). Characterisation of tack for uni-directional prepreg tape employing a continuous application-and-peel test method. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 114, 295-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.08.027

Employing a test method with coupled application and peel phases, tack was characterised for a UD prepreg tape. Different aspects of tack were explored by varying test parameters and material condition. In addition, different surface combinations wer... Read More about Characterisation of tack for uni-directional prepreg tape employing a continuous application-and-peel test method.

Optimisation of local in-plane constraining forces in double diaphragm forming (2018)
Journal Article
Chen, S., McGregor, O. P., Harper, L. T., Endruweit, A., & Warrior, N. A. (2018). Optimisation of local in-plane constraining forces in double diaphragm forming. Composite Structures, 201, 570-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.06.062

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Rigid blocks (risers) were introduced in the double diaphragm forming (DDF) process to change the local in-plane strain distribution in the diaphragms, aimed at reducing wrinkling defects in the production of fabric preforms. A tw... Read More about Optimisation of local in-plane constraining forces in double diaphragm forming.

Simulation and validation of injection-compression filling stage of liquid moulding with fast curing resins (2018)
Journal Article
Martin, F. A., Warrior, N., Simacek, P., Advani, S., Hughes, A., Darlington, R., & Senan, E. (2019). Simulation and validation of injection-compression filling stage of liquid moulding with fast curing resins. Applied Composite Materials, 26(1), 41–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-018-9682-4

Very short manufacture cycle times are required if continuous carbon fibre and epoxy composite components are to be economically viable solutions for high volume composite production for the automotive industry. Here, a manufacturing process variant... Read More about Simulation and validation of injection-compression filling stage of liquid moulding with fast curing resins.

A water-soluble core material for manufacturing hollow composite sections (2017)
Journal Article
Xiao, Z., Harper, L., Kennedy, A. R., & Warrior, N. (2017). A water-soluble core material for manufacturing hollow composite sections. Composite Structures, 182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.09.058

This paper presents the development of a low-cost water-soluble core material, which is suitable for producing hollow composite structures via high pressure moulding processes, such as compression moulding and resin transfer moulding. The bulk materi... Read More about A water-soluble core material for manufacturing hollow composite sections.

Double diaphragm forming simulation for complex composite structures (2017)
Journal Article
Chen, S., McGregor, O., Endruweit, A., Elsmore, M., De Focatiis, D., Harper, L., & Warrior, N. (2017). Double diaphragm forming simulation for complex composite structures. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 95, 346-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.01.017

A finite element (FE) model has been developed to simulate the double diaphragm forming (DDF) process, to identify potential defects when forming complex 3D preforms from 2D biaxial non-crimp fabric plies. Three different metrics have been introduced... Read More about Double diaphragm forming simulation for complex composite structures.

Compression moulding of composites with hybrid fibre architectures (2016)
Journal Article
Corbridge, D., Harper, L. T., De Focatiis, D. S., & Warrior, N. (2017). Compression moulding of composites with hybrid fibre architectures. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 95, 87-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.12.018

Advanced Sheet Moulding Compounds (ASMC) and unidirectional (UD) prepregs have been co-compression moulded to form a hybrid composite material. In-mould flow influences the UD fibre architecture in two ways. When UD fibres are aligned transversely to... Read More about Compression moulding of composites with hybrid fibre architectures.

Defect formation during preforming of a bi-axial non-crimp fabric with a pillar stitch pattern (2016)
Journal Article
Chen, S., McGregor, O., Harper, L., Endruweit, A., & Warrior, N. (2016). Defect formation during preforming of a bi-axial non-crimp fabric with a pillar stitch pattern. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 91, 156-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.09.016

To capture the asymmetrical shear behaviour of a bi-axial NCF with a pillar stitch, a non-orthogonal constitutive model was developed and implemented in finite element forming simulations. Preforming experiments indicate that the local distribution o... Read More about Defect formation during preforming of a bi-axial non-crimp fabric with a pillar stitch pattern.

Flow characteristics of carbon fibre moulding compounds (2016)
Journal Article
Evans, A., Qian, C., Turner, T., Harper, L., & Warrior, N. (2016). Flow characteristics of carbon fibre moulding compounds. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 90, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.06.020

This paper presents the development of a low-cost carbon fibre moulding compound using an automated spray deposition process. Directed Fibre Compounding (DFC) is used to produce charge packs directly from low cost carbon fibre tows and liquid epoxy r... Read More about Flow characteristics of carbon fibre moulding compounds.

Thermal and Morphological Properties of Chitosan Filled Epoxy (2014)
Journal Article
Satheesh, B., Tshai, K. Y., & Warrior, N. (2014). Thermal and Morphological Properties of Chitosan Filled Epoxy. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 627, 12-17. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.627.12

This paper investigates the effects of polysaccharide additive agent on the morphological and thermal properties of thermosetting polymer. The weight percentage (wt%) of Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin to Hexamethylenediamine (HMD... Read More about Thermal and Morphological Properties of Chitosan Filled Epoxy.

The influence of coupling agent, fibre sizing and matrix degradation on the interfacial shear strength between carbon fibre and polypropylene (2014)
Presentation / Conference
Burn, D., Harper, L., Johnson, M., Warrior, N., Yang, L., & Thomason, J. (2014, June). The influence of coupling agent, fibre sizing and matrix degradation on the interfacial shear strength between carbon fibre and polypropylene. Paper presented at 16th European Conference on Composite Materials

The interface strength between carbon fibre (CF) and polypropylene (PP) was characterised using the microbond test. The effect of removing the sizing from the fibres, as well as introducing a maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) coupling age... Read More about The influence of coupling agent, fibre sizing and matrix degradation on the interfacial shear strength between carbon fibre and polypropylene.