All Outputs (7)

The trade-GDP ratio as a measure of openness (2022)
Journal Article
Bleaney, M., & Tian, M. (2023). The trade-GDP ratio as a measure of openness. World Economy, 46(5), 1319-1332. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13355

The ratio of trade to GDP is often used as a summary measure of a country's openness to the rest of the world. It is well known that the trade-GDP ratio is affected by relatively time-invariant factors, such as country size and remoteness from tradin... Read More about The trade-GDP ratio as a measure of openness.

Reserve Volatility and the Identification of Exchange Rate Regimes (2021)
Journal Article
Bleaney, M., & Tian, M. (2021). Reserve Volatility and the Identification of Exchange Rate Regimes. Open Economies Review, 32(4), 701–723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11079-021-09617-7

Should exchange rate regime classifications be based purely on some measure of exchange rate flexibility, or should such flexibility be judged in proportion to the degree of exchange market pressure (EMP), as reflected in the behaviour of internation... Read More about Reserve Volatility and the Identification of Exchange Rate Regimes.

Exchange Rate Flexibility: How Should We Measure It? (2020)
Journal Article
Bleaney, M., & Tian, M. (2020). Exchange Rate Flexibility: How Should We Measure It?. Open Economies Review, 31(4), 881–900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11079-019-09577-z

This paper first examines some recent exchange rate classification schemes. There is little evidence of a trend towards greater agreement between schemes. There is a probability of between 16 and 28 percent that a peg in one classification scheme is... Read More about Exchange Rate Flexibility: How Should We Measure It?.

De facto exchange rate regime classifications: an evaluation (2016)
Journal Article
Bleaney, M., Tian, M., & Yin, L. (2017). De facto exchange rate regime classifications: an evaluation. Open Economies Review, 28(2), 369-382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11079-016-9427-7

There exist several statistically-based exchange rate regime classifications that disagree with one another to a disappointing degree. To what extent is this a matter of the quality of the design of these schemes, and to what extent does it reflect t... Read More about De facto exchange rate regime classifications: an evaluation.

Measuring exchange rate flexibility by regression methods (2016)
Journal Article
Bleaney, M., & Tian, M. (2017). Measuring exchange rate flexibility by regression methods. Oxford Economic Papers, 69(1), https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpw029

A new and easily implemented regression method is proposed for generating an index of exchange rate flexibility, whilst simultaneously identifying anchors of pegged currencies. The method can distinguish floats from pegs, including those with occasio... Read More about Measuring exchange rate flexibility by regression methods.

Global trends in the choice of exchange rate regime (2015)
Journal Article
Bleaney, M., Tian, M., & Yin, L. (2016). Global trends in the choice of exchange rate regime. Open Economies Review, 27(1), 71-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11079-015-9375-7

The raw data suggest that the global trend towards greater exchange rate flexibility that was evident before 1990 has since stopped. An optimum currency area (OCA) model of exchange rate regime choice is estimated. Four different schemes for classify... Read More about Global trends in the choice of exchange rate regime.

Net foreign assets and real exchange rates revisited (2014)
Journal Article
Bleaney, M., & Tian, M. (2014). Net foreign assets and real exchange rates revisited. Oxford Economic Papers, 66(4), https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpu014

Theory suggests a significant positive relationship in long-run equilibrium between the net foreign assets (NFA) of a country and its real exchange rate. Empirical tests have ignored two issues: the large variation in cross-country trade/GDP ratios,... Read More about Net foreign assets and real exchange rates revisited.