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The Effect of Congruency and Frequency of Exposures on the Learning of L2 Binomials (2023)
Journal Article
Altamimi, A., & Conklin, K. (2024). The Effect of Congruency and Frequency of Exposures on the Learning of L2 Binomials. Languages, 9(1), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages9010009

Although extensive research has been carried out on opaque formulaic language where the meaning is not the sum of the individual words (i.e., idioms and many collocations), it is still not clear how cross-language congruency and frequency of exposure... Read More about The Effect of Congruency and Frequency of Exposures on the Learning of L2 Binomials.

Effects of Pre‐Reading Study and Reading Exposure on the Learning and Processing of Collocations (2023)
Journal Article
Altamimi, A., & Conklin, K. (2023). Effects of Pre‐Reading Study and Reading Exposure on the Learning and Processing of Collocations. TESOL Quarterly, https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3268

Little is known about the effect of pre-reading exposure on collocational learning. This study used eye-tracking and offline measures (form recall and recognition) to explore the effectiveness of pre-reading study and reading exposure on the processi... Read More about Effects of Pre‐Reading Study and Reading Exposure on the Learning and Processing of Collocations.

What triggers perceptions of racism in Heart of Darkness? A reader-response analysis (2023)
Journal Article
Mastropierro, L., & Conklin, K. (2023). What triggers perceptions of racism in Heart of Darkness? A reader-response analysis. Language and Literature, 32(4), 437-457. https://doi.org/10.1177/09639470231202263

This paper combines reader-response analysis and stylistic insights to investigate what may be triggering perceptions of racism in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. It presents the results of a survey that asked participants to read extracts from th... Read More about What triggers perceptions of racism in Heart of Darkness? A reader-response analysis.

Ambiguity Resolution in Passivized Idioms: Is There a Shift in the Most Likely Interpretation? (2022)
Journal Article
Kyriacou, M., Conklin, K., & Thompson, D. (2023). Ambiguity Resolution in Passivized Idioms: Is There a Shift in the Most Likely Interpretation?. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77(3), 212–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000300

Ambiguous but canonical idioms (kick the bucket) are processed fast in both their figurative (“die”) and literal (“boot the pail”) senses, although processing costs associated with meaning integration may emerge in postidiom regions. Modified version... Read More about Ambiguity Resolution in Passivized Idioms: Is There a Shift in the Most Likely Interpretation?.

Word and Multiword Processing (2022)
Book Chapter
Conklin, K., & Thul, R. (2022). Word and Multiword Processing. In A. Godfroid, & H. Hopp (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Psycholinguistics (203-215). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003018872-20

When we encounter linguistic input, both spoken and written, we need to identify words and multiword sequences (e.g., “spill the beans” meaning “to reveal a secret”), ascertain their meaning, and integrate them into our unfolding understanding of a s... Read More about Word and Multiword Processing.

“Bread and butter” or “butter and bread”? Nonnatives’ processing of novel lexical patterns in context (2022)
Journal Article
Sonbul, S., El-Dakhs, D. A. S., Conklin, K., & Carrol, G. (2023). “Bread and butter” or “butter and bread”? Nonnatives’ processing of novel lexical patterns in context. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 45(2), 370-392. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263122000237

Little is known about how non-native speakers process novel language patterns in the input they encounter. The present study examines whether non-natives develop a sensitivity to novel binomials and their ordering preference from context. Thirty-nine... Read More about “Bread and butter” or “butter and bread”? Nonnatives’ processing of novel lexical patterns in context.

Word order effect in collocation processing (2021)
Journal Article
Vilkaitė-Lozdienė, L., & Conklin, K. (2021). Word order effect in collocation processing. Mental Lexicon, 16(2-3), 362-396. https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.20022.vil

Collocations are words associated because of their frequent co-occurrence, which makes them predictable and leads to facilitated processing. While there have been suggestions that collocations are stored as unanalysed chunks, other researchers disagr... Read More about Word order effect in collocation processing.

'Did You See That?' - The Role of Repetition and Enhancement on Lexical Bundle Processing in English Learning Materials (2021)
Journal Article
Northbrook, J., Allen, D., & Conklin, K. (2022). 'Did You See That?' - The Role of Repetition and Enhancement on Lexical Bundle Processing in English Learning Materials. Applied Linguistics, 43(3), 453-472. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amab063

For second-language learners, the use of formulaic language can benefit processing. Previous studies have explored the development of a 'processing advantage' for lexical bundles and investigated whether learning materials can be optimized via repeti... Read More about 'Did You See That?' - The Role of Repetition and Enhancement on Lexical Bundle Processing in English Learning Materials.

The effect of input modes and number of exposures on the learning of L2 binomials (2021)
Journal Article
Alotaibi, S., Pellicer-Sánchez, A., & Conklin, K. (2022). The effect of input modes and number of exposures on the learning of L2 binomials. ITL, 173(1), 58-93. https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.21001.alo

Despite the importance of mastering different types of formulaic sequences in a second language, little is known about the relative effect of different input modes on their acquisition. This study explores the learning of a particular type of formula... Read More about The effect of input modes and number of exposures on the learning of L2 binomials.

When the Idiom Advantage Comes Up Short: Eye-Tracking Canonical and Modified Idioms (2021)
Journal Article
Kyriacou, M., Conklin, K., & Thompson, D. (2021). When the Idiom Advantage Comes Up Short: Eye-Tracking Canonical and Modified Idioms. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 675046. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.675046

The literature on idioms often talks about an ‘idiom advantage’, such that familiar idioms (spill the beans) are generally processed faster than comparable literal phrases (burn the beans). More recently, researchers have explored the processing of i... Read More about When the Idiom Advantage Comes Up Short: Eye-Tracking Canonical and Modified Idioms.

Using GAMMs to model trial-by-trial fluctuations in experimental data: More risks but hardly any benefit (2021)
Journal Article
Thul, R., Conklin, K., & Barr, D. J. (2021). Using GAMMs to model trial-by-trial fluctuations in experimental data: More risks but hardly any benefit. Journal of Memory and Language, 120, Article 104247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2021.104247

Data from each subject in a repeated-measures experiment forms a time series , which may include trial-by-trial fluctuations arising from human factors such as practice or fatigue. Concerns about the statistical implications of such effects have incr... Read More about Using GAMMs to model trial-by-trial fluctuations in experimental data: More risks but hardly any benefit.

Racial slurs and perception of racism in Heart of Darkness (2021)
Journal Article
Mastropierro, L., & Conklin, K. (2021). Racial slurs and perception of racism in Heart of Darkness. Journal of Literary Semantics, 50(1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1515/jls-2021-2028

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of the racial slursniggerandnegroinHeart of Darknesson readers’perception of dehumanisation,discrimination, and racism. It compares data collected through online question-naires to test whether the... Read More about Racial slurs and perception of racism in Heart of Darkness.

The Effect of Auditory Input on Multimodal Reading Comprehension: An Examination of Adult Readers’ Eye Movements (2021)
Journal Article
Pellicer-Sánchez, A., Conklin, K., Rodgers, M. P. H., & Parente, F. (2021). The Effect of Auditory Input on Multimodal Reading Comprehension: An Examination of Adult Readers’ Eye Movements. Modern Language Journal, 105(4), 936-956. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12743

Comprehension of many types of texts involves constructing meaning from text and pictures. However, research examining how second language (L2) learners process text and pictures and the relationship with comprehension is scarce. Thus, while verbal i... Read More about The Effect of Auditory Input on Multimodal Reading Comprehension: An Examination of Adult Readers’ Eye Movements.

The role of empirical methods in investigating readers’ constructions of authorial creativity in literary reading (2020)
Journal Article
Parente, F., Conklin, K., Guy, J. M., & Scott, R. (2021). The role of empirical methods in investigating readers’ constructions of authorial creativity in literary reading. Language and Literature, 30(1), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947020952200

The popularity of literary biographies and the importance publishers place on author publicity materials suggest the concept of an author’s creative intentions is important to readers’ appreciation of literary works. However, the question of how this... Read More about The role of empirical methods in investigating readers’ constructions of authorial creativity in literary reading.

The Effect of Pre‐reading Instruction on Vocabulary Learning: An Investigation of L1 and L2 Readers’ Eye Movements (2020)
Journal Article
Pellicer Sanchez, A., Conklin, K., & Vilkaitė-Lozdienė, L. (2021). The Effect of Pre‐reading Instruction on Vocabulary Learning: An Investigation of L1 and L2 Readers’ Eye Movements. Language Learning, 71(1), 162-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12430

This study examines the effect of pre-reading vocabulary instruction on learners’ attention and vocabulary gains. Participants (L1 = 92; L2 = 88) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: pre-reading instruction, involving explicit instructio... Read More about The Effect of Pre‐reading Instruction on Vocabulary Learning: An Investigation of L1 and L2 Readers’ Eye Movements.

Words go together like ‘bread and butter’: The rapid, automatic acquisition of lexical patterns (2020)
Journal Article
Conklin, K., & Carrol, G. (2021). Words go together like ‘bread and butter’: The rapid, automatic acquisition of lexical patterns. Applied Linguistics, 43(3), 492-513. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amaa034

While it is possible to express the same meaning in different ways (‘bread and butter’ versus ‘butter and bread’), we tend to say things in the same way. As much as half of spoken discourse is made up of formulaic language, or linguistic patterns. De... Read More about Words go together like ‘bread and butter’: The rapid, automatic acquisition of lexical patterns.

Cross-linguistic lexical effects in different-script bilingual reading are modulated by task (2020)
Journal Article
Allen, D., Conklin, K., & Miwa, K. (2021). Cross-linguistic lexical effects in different-script bilingual reading are modulated by task. International Journal of Bilingualism, 25(1), 168-188. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006920943974

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: Bilingual lexical processing is non-selective, which allows for activation of the non-target language, even when reading in a different script. However, while the influence of cross-script L1 lexical kn... Read More about Cross-linguistic lexical effects in different-script bilingual reading are modulated by task.

What eye-tracking tells us about reading-only and reading-while-listening in a first and second language (2020)
Journal Article
Conklin, K., Alotaibi, S., Pellicer-Sánchez, A., & Vilkaitė-Lozdienė, L. (2020). What eye-tracking tells us about reading-only and reading-while-listening in a first and second language. Second Language Research, 36(3), 257-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658320921496

Reading-while-listening has been shown to be advantageous in second language learning. However, research to date has not addressed how the addition of auditory input changes reading itself. Identifying how reading differs in reading-while-listening a... Read More about What eye-tracking tells us about reading-only and reading-while-listening in a first and second language.

Exploring the depths of second language processing with eye tracking: An introduction (2020)
Journal Article
Godfroid, A., Winke, P., & Conklin, K. (2020). Exploring the depths of second language processing with eye tracking: An introduction. Second Language Research, https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658320922578

In this paper, we review how eye tracking, which offers millisecond-precise information about how language learners orient their visual attention, can be used to investigate a variety of processes involved in the multifaceted endeavor of second langu... Read More about Exploring the depths of second language processing with eye tracking: An introduction.