Investigating the effect of independent blinded digital image assessment on the STOP GAP trial

Patsko, Emily; Godolphin, Peter J.; Thomas, Kim S.; Hepburn, Trish; Mitchell, Eleanor; Craig, Fiona E.; Bath, Philip M.W.; Montgomery, Alan A.

Abstract

Background
Blinding is the process of keeping treatment assignment hidden and is used to minimise the possibility of bias. Trials at high risk of bias have been shown to report larger treatment effects than low risk studies. In dermatology, one popular method of blinding is to have independent outcome assessors who are unaware of treatment allocation assessing the end point using digital photographs. However, this can be complex, expensive and time-consuming. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of blinded and unblinded outcome assessment on the results of the STOP GAP trial.
Methods
The STOP GAP trial compared prednisolone to ciclosporin in treating pyoderma gangrenosum. Participants’ lesions were measured at baseline and 6 weeks to calculate the primary outcome, speed of healing. Independent blinded assessors obtained measurements from digital photographs using specialist software. In addition, unblinded treating clinicians estimated lesion area by measuring length and width. The primary outcome was determined using blinded measurements where available, otherwise unblinded measurements were used (method referred to as trial measurements).
In this study, agreement between the trial and unblinded measurements was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The STOP GAP primary analysis was repeated using unblinded measurements only. We introduced differential and non-differential error in unblinded measurements and investigated the effect on the STOP GAP primary analysis.
Results
86 (80%) of the 108 patients were assessed using digital images. Agreement between trial and unblinded measurements was excellent (ICC=0.92 at baseline; 0.83 at 6 weeks). There was no evidence that the results of the trial primary analysis differed according to how the primary outcome was assessed (p-value for homogeneity = 1.00).
Conclusions
Blinded digital image assessment in STOP GAP did not meaningfully alter trial conclusions compared with unblinded assessment. However, as the process brought added accuracy and credibility to the trial it was considered worthwhile.
These findings question the usefulness of digital image assessment in a trial with an objective outcome and where bias is not expected to be excessive. Further research should investigate if there are alternative, less complex ways of incorporating blinding in clinical trials.

Citation

Patsko, E., Godolphin, P. J., Thomas, K. S., Hepburn, T., Mitchell, E., Craig, F. E., …Montgomery, A. A. (2017). Investigating the effect of independent blinded digital image assessment on the STOP GAP trial. Trials, 18(1), Article 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-1779-9

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Jan 4, 2017
• Online Publication Date: Feb 2, 2017
• Publication Date: 2017-12
• Deposit Date: Jan 17, 2017
• Publicly Available Date: Feb 2, 2017
• Journal: Trials
• Electronic ISSN: 1745-6215
• Publisher: Springer Verlag
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 18
• Issue: 1
• Article Number: 53
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-1779-9
• Keywords: adjudication; outcome assessment; blinding; digital photographs; digital images; randomised controlled trial; clinical trials; pyoderma gangrenosum
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/848523
• Publisher URL: http://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-017-1779-9