Thermal Cracking of Oil under Water Pressure up to 900 bar at High Thermal Maturities. 1. Gas Compositions and Carbon Isotopes

Xie, Liujuan; Sun, Yongge; Uguna, Clement N.; Li, Youchuan; Snape, Colin E.; Meredith, Will

Abstract

In this study, a C9+ fraction of saturate-rich Tertiary source rock-derived oil from the South China Sea basin was pyrolyzed in normal and supercritical water using a 25 mL vessel at a range of temperature from 350 to 425 °C for 24 h, to probe pressure effects up to 900 bar on gas yields and their stable carbon isotopic compositions during thermal cracking. Pressure generally retards oil cracking, as evidenced by reduced gas yields, but the trends depend upon the level of thermal evolution. In the early stages of cracking (350 and 373 °C, equivalent vitrinite reflectance of < ∼1.1% R0), the suppression effect increases with pressure from 200 to 900 bar, but it is most marked between 200 and 470 bar. At the later stages in the wet gas window (390, 405, and 425 °C, equivalent vitrinite reflectance of >1.3% R0), pressure still has a strong suppression effect from 200 to 470 bar, which then levels off or is reversed as the pressure is increased further to 750 and 900 bar. Interestingly, the stable carbon isotopic composition of the generated methane becomes enriched in 13C as the pressure increases from 200 to 900 bar. A maximum fractionation effect of ∼3‰ is observed over this pressure range. Due to pressure retardation, the isotopically heaviest methane signature does not coincide with the maximum gas yield, contrary to what might be expected. In contrast, pressure has little effect on ethane, propane, and butane carbon isotope ratios, which show a maximum variation of ∼1‰. The results suggest that the rates of methane-forming reactions affected by pressure control methane carbon isotope fractionation. Based on distinctive carbon isotope patterns of methane and wet gases from pressurized oil cracking, a conceptual model using “natural gas plot” is constructed to identify pressure effect on in situ oil cracking providing other factors excluded. The transition in going from dry conditions to normal and supercritical water does not have a significant effect on oil-cracking reactions as evidenced by gold bag hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis results at the same temperatures as used in the pressure vessel.

Citation

Xie, L., Sun, Y., Uguna, C. N., Li, Y., Snape, C. E., & Meredith, W. (2016). Thermal Cracking of Oil under Water Pressure up to 900 bar at High Thermal Maturities. 1. Gas Compositions and Carbon Isotopes. Energy and Fuels, 30(4), 2617-2627. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02792

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Mar 3, 2016
• Online Publication Date: Mar 21, 2016
• Publication Date: Apr 21, 2016
• Deposit Date: Jun 28, 2016
• Publicly Available Date: Jun 28, 2016
• Journal: Energy & Fuels
• Print ISSN: 0887-0624
• Electronic ISSN: 1520-5029
• Publisher: American Chemical Society
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 30
• Issue: 4
• Pages: 2617-2627
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02792
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/781477
• Publisher URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02792
• Additional Information: This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Energy & Fuels, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02792