Trajectories of functional limitations, health-related quality of life and societal costs in individuals with long COVID: a population-based longitudinal cohort study

Wang, Jiunn; Goodfellow, Henry; Walker, Sarah; Blandford, Ann; Pfeffer, Paul; R Hurst, John; Sunkersing, David; Bradbury, Katherine; Robson, Chris; Henley, William; Gomes, Manuel

Abstract

Objectives

To examine trajectories of functional limitations, fatigue, health-related quality of life (HRQL) and societal costs of patients referred to long COVID clinics.

Design

A population-based longitudinal cohort study using real-time user data.

Setting

35 specialised long COVID clinics in the UK.

Participants

4087 adults diagnosed with long COVID in primary or secondary care deemed suitable for rehabilitation and registered in the Living With Covid Recovery (LWCR) programme between 4 August 2020 and 5 August 2022.

Main outcome measures

Generalised linear mixed models were fitted to estimate trajectories of functional limitations, using the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS); scores of ≥20 indicate moderately severe limitations. Other outcomes included fatigue using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue (FACIT-F) reversed score (scores of ≥22 indicate impairment), HRQL using the EQ-5D-5L, and long COVID-related societal costs, encompassing healthcare costs and productivity losses.

Results

The mean WSAS score at 6 months after registration in the LWCR was 19.1 (95% CI 18.6, 19.6), with 46% of the participants (95% CI 40.3%, 52.4%) reporting a WSAS score above 20 (moderately severe or worse impairment). The mean change in the WSAS score over the 6-month period was −0.86 (95% CI −1.32, –0.41). The mean reversed FACIT-F score at 6 months was 29.1 (95% CI 22.7, 35.5) compared with 32.0 (95% CI 31.7, 32.3) at baseline. The mean EQ-5D-5L score remained relatively constant between baseline (0.63, 95% CI 0.62, 0.64) and 6 months (0.64, 95% CI 0.59, 0.69). The monthly societal cost per patient related to long COVID at 6 months was £931, mostly driven by the costs associated with working days lost.

Conclusions

Individuals referred to long COVID clinics in the UK reported small improvements in functional limitations, fatigue, HRQL and ability to work within 6 months of registering in the LWCR programme.

Citation

Wang, J., Goodfellow, H., Walker, S., Blandford, A., Pfeffer, P., R Hurst, J., Sunkersing, D., Bradbury, K., Robson, C., Henley, W., & Gomes, M. (2024). Trajectories of functional limitations, health-related quality of life and societal costs in individuals with long COVID: a population-based longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open, 14(11), Article e088538. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-088538

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Oct 17, 2024
• Online Publication Date: Nov 13, 2024
• Publication Date: 2024-11
• Deposit Date: May 28, 2025
• Publicly Available Date: May 28, 2025
• Journal: BMJ Open
• Electronic ISSN: 2044-6055
• Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 14
• Issue: 11
• Article Number: e088538
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-088538
• Public URL: https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/48699852
• Publisher URL: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/11/e088538.info