Nicholas Paul Holmes
Subjective discomfort of TMS predicts reaction times differences in published studies
Holmes, Nicholas Paul; Meteyard, Lotte
Authors
Lotte Meteyard
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was developed 30 years ago, in part to decrease the peripheral side-effects associated with transcranial electrical stimulation (Barker, 1991). TMS has been effective in that aim, and great advances have been made over the past 30 years. TMS can still be uncomfortable and painful, however, as it stimulates excitable superficial tissue including scalp muscles and peripheral nerves (Maizey et al., 2013). This causes annoyance, pain, and muscle twitches (i.e., discomfort) that vary systematically across the scalp (Meteyard and Holmes, 2018). While superior and posterior scalp locations are associated with almost no discomfort, inferior frontal and temporal locations are associated with significant discomfort. This discomfort can include sharp pain and strong contractions of scalp, head, and neck muscles. In protocols where TMS and a behavioral task are separated by time (“off-line”), these peripheral side-effects of brain stimulation may not affect subsequent task performance. But, in protocols where TMS is applied simultaneously with the behavioral task (“on-line”), these side-effects of TMS might interfere significantly with performance.
Citation
Holmes, N. P., & Meteyard, L. (2018). Subjective discomfort of TMS predicts reaction times differences in published studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(OCT), Article 1989. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01989
Journal Article Type | Article |
---|---|
Acceptance Date | Sep 27, 2018 |
Online Publication Date | Oct 18, 2018 |
Publication Date | Oct 18, 2018 |
Deposit Date | Nov 9, 2018 |
Publicly Available Date | Nov 9, 2018 |
Journal | Frontiers in Psychology |
Electronic ISSN | 1664-1078 |
Publisher | Frontiers Media |
Peer Reviewed | Peer Reviewed |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | OCT |
Article Number | 1989 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01989 |
Keywords | TMS; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Side-effects- Artifact; Reaction times; Posterior parietal cortex; Inferior frontal gyrus; Anterior temporal lobe |
Public URL | https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1241093 |
Publisher URL | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01989/full |
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