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High-Productivity Single-Pass Electrochemical Birch Reduction of Naphthalenes in a Continuous Flow Electrochemical Taylor Vortex Reactor (2022)
Journal Article
Lee, D. S., Love, A., Mansouri, Z., Waldron Clarke, T. H., Harrowven, D. C., Jefferson-Loveday, R., …George, M. W. (2022). High-Productivity Single-Pass Electrochemical Birch Reduction of Naphthalenes in a Continuous Flow Electrochemical Taylor Vortex Reactor. Organic Process Research and Development, 26(9), 2674-2684. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00108

We report the development of a single-pass electrochemical Birch reduction carried out in a small footprint electrochemical Taylor vortex reactor with projected productivities of >80 g day-1 (based on 32.2 mmol h-1), using a modified version of our p... Read More about High-Productivity Single-Pass Electrochemical Birch Reduction of Naphthalenes in a Continuous Flow Electrochemical Taylor Vortex Reactor.

Photochemistry of transition metal carbonyls (2022)
Journal Article
Turner, J. J., George, M. W., Poliakoff, M., & Perutz, R. N. (2022). Photochemistry of transition metal carbonyls. Chemical Society Reviews, https://doi.org/10.1039/d1cs00826a

The purpose of this Tutorial Review is to outline the fundamental photochemistry of metal carbonyls, and to show how the advances in technology have increased our understanding of the detailed mechanisms, particularly how relatively simple experiment... Read More about Photochemistry of transition metal carbonyls.

High Yielding Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Norketamine (2022)
Journal Article
Hernando, M. V., Moore, J. C., Howie, R. A., Castledine, R. A., Bourne, S. L., Jenkins, G. N., …George, M. W. (2022). High Yielding Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Norketamine. Organic Process Research and Development, 26(4), 1145-1151. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00407

A new continuous-flow process is presented for synthesis of the pharmaceutical intermediate norketamine (5). Our approach has been to take the well-established and industrially applied batch synthetic route to this promising antidepressant precursor... Read More about High Yielding Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Norketamine.

Self-Optimization of Continuous Flow Electrochemical Synthesis Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography (2021)
Journal Article
Ke, J., Gao, C., Folgueiras-Amador, A. A., Jolley, K. E., de Frutos, O., Mateos, C., …George, M. W. (2022). Self-Optimization of Continuous Flow Electrochemical Synthesis Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography. Applied Spectroscopy, 76(1), 38-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/00037028211059848

A continuous-flow electrochemical synthesis platform has been developed to enable self-optimization of reaction conditions of organic electrochemical reactions using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) and... Read More about Self-Optimization of Continuous Flow Electrochemical Synthesis Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography.

Integrated Multistep Photochemical and Thermal Continuous Flow Reactions: Production of Bicyclic Lactones with Kilogram Productivity (2021)
Journal Article
Howie, R. A., Elliott, L. D., Kayal, S., Sun, X. Z., Hanson-Heine, M. W., Hunter, J., …George, M. W. (2021). Integrated Multistep Photochemical and Thermal Continuous Flow Reactions: Production of Bicyclic Lactones with Kilogram Productivity. Organic Process Research and Development, 25(9), 2052-2059. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00089

Combining continuous photochemistry and flow reactions in high-temperature/high-pressure water has enabled us to integrate a multistep sequence into a single process with a reduction in reaction time to 24 h in batch. At the same time, applying this... Read More about Integrated Multistep Photochemical and Thermal Continuous Flow Reactions: Production of Bicyclic Lactones with Kilogram Productivity.

Multigram Synthesis of Trioxanes Enabled by a Supercritical CO2 Integrated Flow Process (2021)
Journal Article
Wu, L., Abreu, B. L., Blake, A. J., Taylor, L. J., Lewis, W., Argent, S. P., …George, M. W. (2021). Multigram Synthesis of Trioxanes Enabled by a Supercritical CO2 Integrated Flow Process. Organic Process Research and Development, 25(8), 1873-1881. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00111

Photochemical synthesis of highly reactive hydroperoxides and their conversion into useful products, such as 1,2,4-trioxanes, are of wide interest for synthetic organic chemistry and pharmaceutical manufacturing particularly because of their relevanc... Read More about Multigram Synthesis of Trioxanes Enabled by a Supercritical CO2 Integrated Flow Process.

Scalable Continuous Vortex Reactor for Gram to Kilo Scale for UV and Visible Photochemistry (2020)
Journal Article
Lee, D. S., Sharabi, M., Jefferson-Loveday, R., Pickering, S. J., Poliakoff, M., & George, M. W. (2020). Scalable Continuous Vortex Reactor for Gram to Kilo Scale for UV and Visible Photochemistry. Organic Process Research and Development, 24(2), 201-206. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00475

© 2020 American Chemical Society. We report the development of a scalable continuous Taylor vortex reactor for both UV and visible photochemistry. This builds on our recent report (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2017, 21, 1042) detailing a new approach to co... Read More about Scalable Continuous Vortex Reactor for Gram to Kilo Scale for UV and Visible Photochemistry.

In Situ Sulfidation of Pd/C: A Straightforward Method for Chemoselective Conjugate Reduction by Continuous Hydrogenation (2019)
Journal Article
Moore, J. C., Howie, R. A., Bourne, S. L., Jenkins, G. N., Licence, P., Poliakoff, M., & George, M. W. (2019). In Situ Sulfidation of Pd/C: A Straightforward Method for Chemoselective Conjugate Reduction by Continuous Hydrogenation. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 7(19), 16814-16819. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b04347

A method has been developed for the in situ sulfidation of Pd/C under continuous flow. The approach provides a cheap, sustainable, and operationally convenient method for chemoselective conjugate reduction by continuous hydrogenation. High conversio... Read More about In Situ Sulfidation of Pd/C: A Straightforward Method for Chemoselective Conjugate Reduction by Continuous Hydrogenation.

Turning the periodic table upside down (2019)
Journal Article
Poliakoff, M., Makin, A. D. J., Tang, S. L. Y., & Poliakoff, E. (2019). Turning the periodic table upside down. Nature Chemistry, 11(5), 391-393. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0253-6

The periodic table is immensely powerful for rationalizing many different properties of the chemical elements, but would turning it on its head make some important aspects easier to understand and give everyone a new perspective on chemistry?

Photooxidation of Fulvenes in a Continuous Flow Photoreactor using Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent (2018)
Journal Article
Wu, L., Lee, D. S., Boufroura, H., Poliakoff, M., & George, M. W. (2018). Photooxidation of Fulvenes in a Continuous Flow Photoreactor using Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent. Chemphotochem, 2(7), 580-585. https://doi.org/10.1002/cptc.201800033

A range of 3?substituted oxepinones have been synthesised by the photooxidation of fulvenes with photochemically generated singlet oxygen (1O2) using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a solvent and a CO2?soluble porphyrin photosensitizer. The reactive intermed... Read More about Photooxidation of Fulvenes in a Continuous Flow Photoreactor using Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent.

UN sustainable development goals: How can sustainable/green chemistry contribute? By doing things differently (2018)
Journal Article
Poliakoff, M., Licence, P., & George, M. W. (2018). UN sustainable development goals: How can sustainable/green chemistry contribute? By doing things differently. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 13, 146-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.04.011

Until now, much Green and Sustainable Chemistry has been focused on how chemicals are made. Here we suggest that, if chemistry is to contribute effectively to achieving the SDGs, we need to change the way that things are done at both ends of the chem... Read More about UN sustainable development goals: How can sustainable/green chemistry contribute? By doing things differently.

Valorisation of lignin by depolymerisation and fractionation using supercritical fluids and conventional solvents (2017)
Journal Article
Perez, E., Tuck, C. O., & Poliakoff, M. (in press). Valorisation of lignin by depolymerisation and fractionation using supercritical fluids and conventional solvents. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.07.033

A procedure for Lignosulphonate valorisation is investigated. An attempt has been made to obtain diverse value-added products maximizing the atom economy. This procedure is carried in sequential steps starting with an oxidative depolymerization in su... Read More about Valorisation of lignin by depolymerisation and fractionation using supercritical fluids and conventional solvents.

Continuous Photo-Oxidation in a Vortex Reactor: Efficient Operations Using Air Drawn from the Laboratory (2017)
Journal Article
Lee, D. S., Amara, Z., Clark, C. A., Xu, Z., Kakimpa, B., Morvan, H. P., …George, M. W. (2017). Continuous Photo-Oxidation in a Vortex Reactor: Efficient Operations Using Air Drawn from the Laboratory. Organic Process Research and Development, 21(7), 1042-1050. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00153

© 2017 American Chemical Society. We report the construction and use of a vortex reactor which uses a rapidly rotating cylinder to generate Taylor vortices for continuous flow thermal and photochemical reactions. The reactor is designed to operate un... Read More about Continuous Photo-Oxidation in a Vortex Reactor: Efficient Operations Using Air Drawn from the Laboratory.

Continuous niobium phosphate catalysed Skraup reaction for quinoline synthesis from solketal (2017)
Journal Article
Jin, J., Guidi, S., Amara, Z., Selva, M., George, M. W., & Poliakoff, M. (2017). Continuous niobium phosphate catalysed Skraup reaction for quinoline synthesis from solketal. Green Chemistry, 19(10), 2439-2447. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC03140D

Solketal is derived from the reaction of acetone with glycerol, a by-product product of the biodiesel industry. We report here the continuous reaction of solketal with anilines over a solid acid niobium phosphate (NbP), for the continuous generation... Read More about Continuous niobium phosphate catalysed Skraup reaction for quinoline synthesis from solketal.

Continuous N-alkylation reactions of amino alcohols using ?-Al2O3 and supercritical CO2: unexpected formation of cyclic ureas and urethanes by reaction with CO2 (2017)
Journal Article
Streng, E. S., Lee, D. S., George, M. W., & Poliakoff, M. (2017). Continuous N-alkylation reactions of amino alcohols using ?-Al2O3 and supercritical CO2: unexpected formation of cyclic ureas and urethanes by reaction with CO2. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 13, https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.36

The use of ?-Al2O3 as a heterogeneous catalyst in scCO2, has be successfully applied to the amination of alcohols for the synthesis of N-alkylated heterocycles. The optimal reaction conditions (temperature and substrate flow rate) were determined usi... Read More about Continuous N-alkylation reactions of amino alcohols using ?-Al2O3 and supercritical CO2: unexpected formation of cyclic ureas and urethanes by reaction with CO2.

A laboratory-scale annular continuous flow reactor for UV photochemistry using excimer lamps for discrete wavelength excitation and its use in a wavelength study of a photodecarboxlyative cyclisation (2016)
Journal Article
DeLaney, E. N., Lee, D. S., Elliott, L. D., Jin, J., Booker-Milburn, K., Poliakoff, M., & George, M. W. (2017). A laboratory-scale annular continuous flow reactor for UV photochemistry using excimer lamps for discrete wavelength excitation and its use in a wavelength study of a photodecarboxlyative cyclisation. Green Chemistry, 19(6), 1431-1438. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC02888H

This paper describes a new annular reactor for continuous UV photochemistry, which uses easily interchangeable excimer lamps of different wavelengths. The reactor has narrow clearance to form thin films of material for efficient irradiation of molecu... Read More about A laboratory-scale annular continuous flow reactor for UV photochemistry using excimer lamps for discrete wavelength excitation and its use in a wavelength study of a photodecarboxlyative cyclisation.

The phase equilibrium and density studies of the ternary mixtures of CO2 + Ar + N2 and CO2 + Ar + H2, systems relevance to CCS technology (2016)
Journal Article
Ke, J., Suleiman, N., Sanchez-Vicente, Y., Murphy, T. S., Rodriguez, J., Ramos, A., …George, M. W. (2017). The phase equilibrium and density studies of the ternary mixtures of CO2 + Ar + N2 and CO2 + Ar + H2, systems relevance to CCS technology. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 56, 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.11.003

The p-T phase diagrams of two ternary systems (CO2 + Ar + N2 and CO2 + Ar + H2) have been measured at temperatures between 268 and 303 K using a fibre-optic phase equilibrium analyser. CO2, which is the major component, has a mole fraction ranging fr... Read More about The phase equilibrium and density studies of the ternary mixtures of CO2 + Ar + N2 and CO2 + Ar + H2, systems relevance to CCS technology.

Enabling the Scale-Up of a Key Asymmetric Hydrogenation Step in the Synthesis of an API Using Continuous Flow Solid-Supported Catalysis (2016)
Journal Article
Amara, Z., Poliakoff, M., Duque, R., Geier, D., Franciò, G., Gordon, C. M., …Leitner, W. (2016). Enabling the Scale-Up of a Key Asymmetric Hydrogenation Step in the Synthesis of an API Using Continuous Flow Solid-Supported Catalysis. Organic Process Research and Development, 20(7), 1321-1327. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00143

© 2016 American Chemical Society. The development of a continuous flow process for asymmetric hydrogenation with a heterogenized molecular catalyst in a real industrial context is reported. The key asymmetric step in the synthesis of an API (active p... Read More about Enabling the Scale-Up of a Key Asymmetric Hydrogenation Step in the Synthesis of an API Using Continuous Flow Solid-Supported Catalysis.