@article { , title = {Microfluidic-Based Formulation of Essential Oils-Loaded Chitosan Coated PLGA Particles Enhances Their Bioavailability and Nematocidal Activity}, abstract = {In this study, poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) particles were synthesized and coated with chitosan. Three essential oil (EO) components (eugenol, linalool, and geraniol) were entrapped inside these PLGA particles by using the continuous flow-focusing microfluidic method and a partially water-miscible solvent mixture (dichloromethane: acetone mixture (1:10)). Encapsulation of EO components in PLGA particles was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction, with encapsulation efficiencies 95.14\%, 79.68\%, and 71.34\% and loading capacities 8.88\%, 8.38\%, and 5.65\% in particles entrapped with eugenol, linalool, and geraniol, respectively. The EO components’ dissociation from the loaded particles exhibited an initial burst release in the first 8 h followed by a sustained release phase at significantly slower rates from the coated particles, extending beyond 5 days. The EO components encapsulated in chitosan coated particles up to 5 μg/mL were not cytotoxic to bovine gut cell line (FFKD-1-R) and had no adverse effect on cell growth and membrane integrity compared with free EO components or uncoated particles. Chitosan coated PLGA particles loaded with combined EO components (10 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the motility of the larval stage of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei by 76.9\%, and completely inhibited the motility of adult worms (p < 0.05). This nematocidal effect was accompanied by considerable cuticular damage in the treated worms, reflecting a synergistic effect of the combined EO components and an additive effect of chitosan. These results show that encapsulation of EO components, with a potent anthelmintic activity, in chitosan coated PLGA particles improve the bioavailability and efficacy of EO components against ovine gastrointestinal nematodes.}, doi = {10.3390/pharmaceutics14102030}, eissn = {1999-4923}, issue = {10}, journal = {Pharmaceutics}, publicationstatus = {Published}, publisher = {MDPI AG}, url = {https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/11755978}, volume = {14}, keyword = {Pharmaceutical Science}, year = {2022}, author = {Helal, Mohamed A. and Abdel-Gawad, Ahmed M. and Kandil, Omnia M. and Khalifa, Marwa M.E. and Morrison, Alison A. and Bartley, David J. and Cave, Gareth W.V. and Elsheikha, Hany M.} }