@article { , title = {Skeletal muscle carnitine loading increases energy expenditure, modulates fuel metabolism gene networks and prevents body fat accumulation in humans}, abstract = {Twelve weeks of daily L-carnitine and carbohydrate feeding in humans increases skeletal muscle total carnitine content, and prevents body mass accrual associated with carbohydrate feeding alone. Here we determined the influence of L-carnitine and carbohydrate feeding on energy metabolism, body fat mass andmuscle expression of fuel metabolism genes. Twelve males exercised at 50\% maximal oxygen consumption for 30 min once before and once after 12 weeks of twice daily feeding of 80 g carbohydrate (Control, n=6) or 1.36 g L-carnitine+80 g carbohydrate (Carnitine, n=6). Maximal carnitine palmitolytransferase 1 (CPT1) activity remained similar in both groups over 12 weeks. However, whereas muscle total carnitine, long-chain acyl-CoA and whole-body energy expenditure did not change over 12 weeks in Control, they increased in Carnitine by 20\%, 200\% and 6\%, respectively (P}, doi = {10.1113/jphysiol.2013.255364}, eissn = {0022-3751}, issn = {0022-3751}, issue = {18}, journal = {Journal of Physiology}, publicationstatus = {Published}, publisher = {Wiley}, url = {https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1001363}, volume = {591}, year = {2013}, author = {Stephens, Francis B. and Wall, Benjamin T. and Marimuthu, Kanagaraj and Shannon, Chris E. and Constantin-Teodosiu, Dumitru and MacDonald, Ian A. and Greenhaff, Paul L.} }